Long-term Memory

Question 1

declarative memory

Answer 1

the conscious recall of events and detail

Question 2

subdivisions of declarative memory

Answer 2

semantic memory
episodic memory

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

knowledge about the world

Question 4

episodic memory

Answer 4

recollection of content and context of own events

Question 5

what is semanticisation?

Answer 5

when some degree of semantic memory is required for episodic memory

Question 6

non-declarative memory

Answer 6

unconscious recall of movement sequences which cannot be explicitly retrieved

Question 7

subdivisions of non-declarative memory

Answer 7

procedural memory
priming
conditioning

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

performing actions and skills over gradual learning

Question 9

priming

Answer 9

prior encounters with similar stimuli can influence the processing of later stimuli

Question 10

semantic dementia

Answer 10

degeneration affecting the anterior temporal lobe, resulting in impaired semantic memory

Question 11

impaired episodic memory

Answer 11

semantic knowledge is retained but memories cannot be related to real life (not episodic)

Question 12

how is explicit and implicit memory different in encoding?

Answer 12

• explicit information is processed top-down as it can be reorganised
• implicit information is bottom-up as it is encoded in the same way it was perceived

Question 13

how is explicit and implicit memory different in retrieval?

Answer 13

• explicit memory requires conscious recollection of prior experience
• implicit memory is not dependent on conscious memory that experience is being used

Question 14

causes of amnesia

Answer 14

• acute virus infection
• PD
• brain resection as epilepsy treatment
• physical accident
• korsakoff syndrome
• psychological disorders

Question 15

what type of amnesia did patient HM experience?

Answer 15

anterograde amnesia

caused by bilateral medial-temporal lobe resection

Question 16

anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

forgets everything new after a few minutes

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

loss of memory for information learned in the past

Question 18

in anterograde amnesia, _____ ______ is still possible but there is no ________ _______

Answer 18

implicit learning

explicit memory

Question 19

disconnecting implicit memory

Answer 19

patient JK had impaired implicit memory after developing PD

Question 20

how was patient JK impaired?

Answer 20

could not perform usual procedural tasks but could still recall explicit events (declarative)

Question 21

neural circuits for explicit memory

Answer 21

• medial temporal region
  - hippocampus
  
  • amygdala
  • entorhinal cortex
  • parahippocampal cortex
• frontal cortex (dorso and ventro)
• connections between fronto-temporal regions

Question 22

neural circuits for implicit memory

Answer 22

• basal ganglia
• ventral thalamus
• substantia nigra
• premotor cortex

Question 23

what is dementia?

Answer 23

a neurological disorder caused by progressive cell death

Question 24

how is dementia characterised?

Answer 24

by memory and another impairment:
- aphasia (language)
- apraxia (motor memory)
- agnosia (sensory memory)
- executive function/abstract thinking

Question 25

degenerative dementia

Answer 25

have a degree of genetic cause, from cortical (AD) and subcortical (PD) areas

Question 26

nondegenerative dementia

Answer 26

heterogenous group with diverse origin, KS, vascular dementias, infectious dementia

Question 27

memory impairments in AD

Answer 27

• difficulty learning or retaining information
• information retrieval deficits
• episodic memory impairments
• declarative memory more than procedural

Question 28

language impairments in AD

Answer 28

• list-generation deficits
• word finding and verbal fluency difficulties
• less complex sentence structure
• language and auditory comprehension intact
• executive function impairments

Question 29

cortical dementia in AD

Answer 29

• cell loss in the entorhinal cortex explains early memory problems
• limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex
• spared primary sensory and motor areas

Question 30

how can consolidation be evidenced?

Answer 30

in forgetting curves

where memory traces are most vulnerable shortly after learning

Question 31

theories on forgetting

Answer 31

• decay (fading of memory trace) is dependent on the time elapsed
• interference (memory traces are disrupted) occurs as a result of interpolated events

Question 32

cognitive neuroscience has found two stages to memory consolidation:

Answer 32

1. temporary memory storage in the hippocampus to create traces
2. transferred to cortex, which involves distributing involvement to several areas

Question 33

consolidation and sleep

Answer 33

fewer memories formed (during sleep) led to less disruption of the consolidation process