Long-term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

declarative memory

A

the conscious recall of events and detail

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2
Q

subdivisions of declarative memory

A

semantic memory
episodic memory

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3
Q

semantic memory

A

knowledge about the world

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4
Q

episodic memory

A

recollection of content and context of own events

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5
Q

what is semanticisation?

A

when some degree of semantic memory is required for episodic memory

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6
Q

non-declarative memory

A

unconscious recall of movement sequences which cannot be explicitly retrieved

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7
Q

subdivisions of non-declarative memory

A

procedural memory
priming
conditioning

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8
Q

procedural memory

A

performing actions and skills over gradual learning

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9
Q

priming

A

prior encounters with similar stimuli can influence the processing of later stimuli

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10
Q

semantic dementia

A

degeneration affecting the anterior temporal lobe, resulting in impaired semantic memory

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11
Q

impaired episodic memory

A

semantic knowledge is retained but memories cannot be related to real life (not episodic)

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12
Q

how is explicit and implicit memory different in encoding?

A
  • explicit information is processed top-down as it can be reorganised
  • implicit information is bottom-up as it is encoded in the same way it was perceived
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13
Q

how is explicit and implicit memory different in retrieval?

A
  • explicit memory requires conscious recollection of prior experience
  • implicit memory is not dependent on conscious memory that experience is being used
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14
Q

causes of amnesia

A
  • acute virus infection
  • PD
  • brain resection as epilepsy treatment
  • physical accident
  • korsakoff syndrome
  • psychological disorders
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15
Q

what type of amnesia did patient HM experience?

A

anterograde amnesia

caused by bilateral medial-temporal lobe resection

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16
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

forgets everything new after a few minutes

17
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for information learned in the past

18
Q

in anterograde amnesia, _____ ______ is still possible but there is no ________ _______

A

implicit learning

explicit memory

19
Q

disconnecting implicit memory

A

patient JK had impaired implicit memory after developing PD

20
Q

how was patient JK impaired?

A

could not perform usual procedural tasks but could still recall explicit events (declarative)

21
Q

neural circuits for explicit memory

A
  • medial temporal region
    - hippocampus
    • amygdala
    • entorhinal cortex
    • parahippocampal cortex
  • frontal cortex (dorso and ventro)
  • connections between fronto-temporal regions
22
Q

neural circuits for implicit memory

A
  • basal ganglia
  • ventral thalamus
  • substantia nigra
  • premotor cortex
23
Q

what is dementia?

A

a neurological disorder caused by progressive cell death

24
Q

how is dementia characterised?

A

by memory and another impairment:
- aphasia (language)
- apraxia (motor memory)
- agnosia (sensory memory)
- executive function/abstract thinking

25
degenerative dementia
have a degree of genetic cause, from cortical (AD) and subcortical (PD) areas
26
nondegenerative dementia
heterogenous group with diverse origin, KS, vascular dementias, infectious dementia
27
memory impairments in AD
- difficulty learning or retaining information - information retrieval deficits - episodic memory impairments - declarative memory more than procedural
28
language impairments in AD
- list-generation deficits - word finding and verbal fluency difficulties - less complex sentence structure - language and auditory comprehension intact - executive function impairments
29
cortical dementia in AD
- cell loss in the entorhinal cortex explains early memory problems - limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex - spared primary sensory and motor areas
30
how can consolidation be evidenced?
in forgetting curves where memory traces are most vulnerable shortly after learning
31
theories on forgetting
- decay (fading of memory trace) is dependent on the time elapsed - interference (memory traces are disrupted) occurs as a result of interpolated events
32
cognitive neuroscience has found two stages to memory consolidation:
1. temporary memory storage in the hippocampus to create traces 2. transferred to cortex, which involves distributing involvement to several areas
33
consolidation and sleep
fewer memories formed (during sleep) led to less disruption of the consolidation process