Disorders of Attention Flashcards

1
Q

lesions in the ‘where’ stream lead to…

A

deficits in spatial attention

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2
Q

patient RM had…

A

two strokes which damaged large areas of bilateral-occipito cortex

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3
Q

primary impairment of balint’s syndrome

A

simultanagnosia- inability to focus attention on multiple objects

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4
Q

what does simultanagnosia lead to?

A

considerable conjunction errors when seeing objects for over 10 seconds

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5
Q

what is the parietal lobe important for?

A

feature binding and visual attention

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6
Q

evidence of parietal lobe activity

A
  • greater activity during conjunction search
  • conjunction search disrupted by TMS
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7
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

lack of awareness of stimuli presented to the side of space on the opposite side to the brain damage (contralesional side)

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8
Q

symptoms of hemispatial neglect

A
  1. deficit to attend to information in contralesional space (sensory, representational, and bodily)
  2. unilateral neglect is object based rather than space based (left-hand side of all objects)
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9
Q

what do hemispatial neglect patients also experience?

A

extinction deficits, suggesting different perceptual representations can locally compete for attention

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10
Q

what is neglect an impairment of?

A

the bottom-up stimulus driven system

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11
Q

what are neglect and extinction deficits of?

A

attention

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12
Q

what are ERPs used to observe?

A

when neglect occurs in the visual stream

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13
Q

what do ERPs observe in neglect patients?

A

early processing in neglect patients is similar to controls, but after 150ms there is a large difference

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14
Q

what does experimental psychology show about neglect patients?

A

they fail to accurately identify objects presented to the neglected field- there is no conscious access

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15
Q

priming effect in neglect patients

A

patients can be faster to respond to a semantically related word despite neglecting stimuli, suggesting meaning must be partially processed

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16
Q

where is neglect seen?

A

in damage to right, inferior parietal lobe

17
Q

what does TMS produce?

A

extinction symptoms

18
Q

what do neglect patients benefit from?

A

endogenous cues in both visual fields, as top-down processing is needed to consciously pay attention to the neglected side of space

19
Q

when are neglect patients most impaired?

A

when trying to disengage attention from intact side (struggle with invalid targets failing to activate the exogenous system)

20
Q

attention in neglect patients

A

related to disengaging endogenous attention of attentional spotlight from the ipsilesional side of space, to something happening in the contralesional space

21
Q

most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children

A

ADHD, around 5%

22
Q

three subtypes of ADHD

A
  1. predominantly inattentive
  2. predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
  3. combined inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive
23
Q

predominantly inattentive

A

difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions, and becoming easily distracted

24
Q

predominantly hyperactive/impulsive

A

difficulty sitting still for long periods, fidgeting, and speaking at inappropriate times

25
combined inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive
most common subtype
26
what does the DSMV require for a clinical diagnosis?
at least 6 inattention symptoms and 6 hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms
27
when must symptoms be present?
before age of 12 and cause significant impairments in social and academic functioning for a clinical diagnosis
28
structural impairments of ADHD
- 3-4% reduces cortical volume, particularly prefrontal - reduced grey matter and cortical connectivity in fronto-parietal attention network - reduced cortical connectivity between hemispheres
29
functional impairments of ADHD
hypoactivity in prefrontal cortex and endogenous attention network
30
molecular impairments of ADHD
imbalance in dopamine and noradrenaline circuits
31
ADHD treatments
methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine
32
how do ADHD treatments work?
facilitate release of noradrenaline and dopamine to enhance prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia availability