Everyday Memory

Question 1

what does memory allow for?

Answer 1

storing, retaining, reconstructing, and future planning

Question 2

what is memory intertwined with?

Answer 2

other cognitive functions such as perception, language, learning, and attention

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

a change in organism’s behaviour as a result of experience

Question 4

memory

Answer 4

the ability to recall or recognise previous experience

Question 5

memory trace

Answer 5

a mental representation of a previous experience

Question 6

maguire et al. (2006) found…

Answer 6

the greater spatial knowledge of taxi drivers resulted in
- greater grey matter volume in posterior hippocampus
- and less volume in anterior hippocampus

Question 7

what does everyday memory refer to?

Answer 7

the memories experienced by people in their everyday life

Question 8

what is a subset of everyday memory?

Answer 8

autobiographical memories

Question 9

what does traditional memory research focus on?

Answer 9

accuracy

Question 10

what does everyday memory research focus on?

Answer 10

content

Question 11

accuracy

Answer 11

ability to remember something

Question 12

content

Answer 12

whether crucial information is remembered

Question 13

why is everyday memory not completely distinct from traditional memory research?

Answer 13

as it is related to episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 14

what are schemas?

Answer 14

an integrated knowledge structure for situations

Question 15

what do schemas determine?

Answer 15

how information is processed, remembered, and whether it is changed/updated over time

Question 16

what is memory an interaction between?

Answer 16

events (general world knowledge) and pre-existing schema (memory traces)

Question 17

schematic processing principle

Answer 17

schema-relevant information is better memory
- schema-congruent can provide retrieval cues
- schema-incongruent is elaborated attention

schema-irrelevant information does not provide good memory

Question 18

remembering

Answer 18

reproduction or reconstruction of an event

Question 19

what does remembering involve?

Answer 19

• making schema-based inferences to produce a coherent story
• rationalisations which make this in line with cultural expectations

Question 20

autobiographical memory

Answer 20

consists of memory for events in one’s own life

Question 21

infantile amnesia

Answer 21

lack of autobiographical memories before age of 3

Question 22

reminiscence bump

Answer 22

increased autobiographical memories at 15-25 years old

Question 23

recency effect

Answer 23

better autobiographical retention for recent events

Question 24

childhood amnesia can be explained by: freud

Answer 24

sexual repression of feelings towards parent

Question 25

childhood amnesia can be explained by: neurological

Answer 25

hippocampus and frontal lobes under development

Question 26

childhood amnesia can be explained by: memory

Answer 26

underdeveloped schemas and semantic memory

Question 27

childhood amnesia can be explained by: language

Answer 27

language development is not finished

Question 28

childhood amnesia can be explained by: cognition

Answer 28

cognitive self is still emerging

Question 29

cross-cultural differences in memory

Answer 29

average age of first memories is earlier in the US than china

Question 30

how can the reminiscence bump be explained?

Answer 30

1. neurological view 2. identity formation view 3. cognitive view

Question 31

neurological view

Answer 31

brain peak as it neither matures nor declines

Question 32

identity formation view

Answer 32

the time of important decisions, as adult identity is being developed. this provides a stable organisation structure to cue events

Question 33

cognitive view

Answer 33

primary effect believes there is better memory for first time events which are experienced around this age

Question 34

what does the cognitive view relate to?

Answer 34

less proactive interference and is supported by immigrant studies, where people who emigrated later had a reminiscence bump at older ages

Question 35

flashbulb memories (FM)

Answer 35

highly detailed memories for surprising events that are relatively resistant to forgetting

Question 36

what does research show about FM?

Answer 36

same rate of forgetting between FM and recent memories, however FM tend to feel special and people believe more strongly these are accurate

Question 37

what do false memories involve?

Answer 37

remembering situations that did not happen, or remembering things different from the way they really were

Question 38

loftus conducted studies on how wording can influence memory and found...

Answer 38

- leading questions can cause retroactive interference - eyewitnesses can show response bias - eyewitnesses can show source misattribution - leading questions can influence memory retrieval

Question 39

retroactive interference

Answer 39

new information interferes with ability to recall past information

Question 40

proactive interference

Answer 40

previously learned information interrupts the storage and retrieval of new information