Learning Flashcards

1
Q

what is the value of disturbed practice?

A

spaced learning is better than cramming

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2
Q

why is spaced learning better?

A

because of the benefit of rest and sleep when keeping information in declarative memory

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3
Q

what is simple repetition also referred to?

A

rote learning/type one rehearsal

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4
Q

does time spent in working memory affect recall?

A

not much

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5
Q

why does rote learning not help?

A

as information is only viewed superficially

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6
Q

what does the ebbinghaus learning curve reflect?

A

the importance of elaborate and deep processing

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7
Q

______ trials are more beneficial than _______ _________ trials

A

test

extra learning

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8
Q

generation effect

A

better memory when coming up with the answer yourself

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9
Q

why is feedback necessary for the generation effect?

A

so that self-generated errors do not persist

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10
Q

why is it more beneficial to keep information in LTM?

A

as information is better recalled when repeatedly tested but dropped from learning

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11
Q

does motivation have a direct effect?

A

no, as long as full attention is given to a task

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12
Q

indirect effect of motivation

A

higher intention to memorise increases the time/attention spent on learning, which increases the chance of finding meaning

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13
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

shows there is an optimal level of arousal for efficient memory

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14
Q

what is low arousal?

A

states of sleep or being very tired

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15
Q

what is high arousal?

A

high anxiety and stress

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16
Q

which type of learning is less dependent on arousal?

A

implicit learning, as learning even occurs during anaesthesia and sleep

17
Q

when is material easier to learn?

A

when it is meaningful, and can be related to existing information

this is the organisation principle

18
Q

where is visual information stored?

A

in a symbolic verbal code

19
Q

where is verbal information represented?

A

in an analogue mental images

20
Q

what does dual-coding theory suggest?

A

better retention when something is represented in both

21
Q

why is studying with a friend beneficial?

A

actively explaining and listening develops new connections and retrieval paths

this makes information easier to recall

22
Q

what does shallow processing produce?

A

fragile memory, which is susceptible to rapid forgetting

23
Q

what does deeper processing produce?

A

elaborate, and stronger memory traces

24
Q

why is elaborative (type two) rehearsal beneficial?

A

memory is better when information can be connected

25
what does elaborative memory not consider?
- transfer-appropriate processing - level of processing patterns are much less clear in implicit memory tests
26
transfer-appropriate processing
better performance when study procedures match their test environments
27
what did tulving emphasise in the encoding specificity principle?
the importance of the link between acquisition and retrieval
28
context-dependent memory
when accidental features match between encoding and retrieval
29
subtypes of context-dependent memory
- external, spatio-temporal environment - state-dependent - mood-dependent - cognitive context-dependent
30
effect of bilingualism and context-dependent learning
better at remembering information when tested in the same language as when information was acquired