Learning

Question 1

what is the value of disturbed practice?

Answer 1

spaced learning is better than cramming

Question 2

why is spaced learning better?

Answer 2

because of the benefit of rest and sleep when keeping information in declarative memory

Question 3

what is simple repetition also referred to?

Answer 3

rote learning/type one rehearsal

Question 4

does time spent in working memory affect recall?

Answer 4

not much

Question 5

why does rote learning not help?

Answer 5

as information is only viewed superficially

Question 6

what does the ebbinghaus learning curve reflect?

Answer 6

the importance of elaborate and deep processing

Question 7

______ trials are more beneficial than _______ _________ trials

Answer 7

test

extra learning

Question 8

generation effect

Answer 8

better memory when coming up with the answer yourself

Question 9

why is feedback necessary for the generation effect?

Answer 9

so that self-generated errors do not persist

Question 10

why is it more beneficial to keep information in LTM?

Answer 10

as information is better recalled when repeatedly tested but dropped from learning

Question 11

does motivation have a direct effect?

Answer 11

no, as long as full attention is given to a task

Question 12

indirect effect of motivation

Answer 12

higher intention to memorise increases the time/attention spent on learning, which increases the chance of finding meaning

Question 13

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 13

shows there is an optimal level of arousal for efficient memory

Question 14

what is low arousal?

Answer 14

states of sleep or being very tired

Question 15

what is high arousal?

Answer 15

high anxiety and stress

Question 16

which type of learning is less dependent on arousal?

Answer 16

implicit learning, as learning even occurs during anaesthesia and sleep

Question 17

when is material easier to learn?

Answer 17

when it is meaningful, and can be related to existing information

this is the organisation principle

Question 18

where is visual information stored?

Answer 18

in a symbolic verbal code

Question 19

where is verbal information represented?

Answer 19

in an analogue mental images

Question 20

what does dual-coding theory suggest?

Answer 20

better retention when something is represented in both

Question 21

why is studying with a friend beneficial?

Answer 21

actively explaining and listening develops new connections and retrieval paths

this makes information easier to recall

Question 22

what does shallow processing produce?

Answer 22

fragile memory, which is susceptible to rapid forgetting

Question 23

what does deeper processing produce?

Answer 23

elaborate, and stronger memory traces

Question 24

why is elaborative (type two) rehearsal beneficial?

Answer 24

memory is better when information can be connected

Question 25

what does elaborative memory not consider?

Answer 25

• transfer-appropriate processing
• level of processing patterns are much less clear in implicit memory tests

Question 26

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 26

better performance when study procedures match their test environments

Question 27

what did tulving emphasise in the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 27

the importance of the link between acquisition and retrieval

Question 28

context-dependent memory

Answer 28

when accidental features match between encoding and retrieval

Question 29

subtypes of context-dependent memory

Answer 29

• external, spatio-temporal environment
• state-dependent
• mood-dependent
• cognitive context-dependent

Question 30

effect of bilingualism and context-dependent learning

Answer 30

better at remembering information when tested in the same language as when information was acquired