Learning Flashcards
what is the value of disturbed practice?
spaced learning is better than cramming
why is spaced learning better?
because of the benefit of rest and sleep when keeping information in declarative memory
what is simple repetition also referred to?
rote learning/type one rehearsal
does time spent in working memory affect recall?
not much
why does rote learning not help?
as information is only viewed superficially
what does the ebbinghaus learning curve reflect?
the importance of elaborate and deep processing
______ trials are more beneficial than _______ _________ trials
test
extra learning
generation effect
better memory when coming up with the answer yourself
why is feedback necessary for the generation effect?
so that self-generated errors do not persist
why is it more beneficial to keep information in LTM?
as information is better recalled when repeatedly tested but dropped from learning
does motivation have a direct effect?
no, as long as full attention is given to a task
indirect effect of motivation
higher intention to memorise increases the time/attention spent on learning, which increases the chance of finding meaning
yerkes-dodson law
shows there is an optimal level of arousal for efficient memory
what is low arousal?
states of sleep or being very tired
what is high arousal?
high anxiety and stress
which type of learning is less dependent on arousal?
implicit learning, as learning even occurs during anaesthesia and sleep
when is material easier to learn?
when it is meaningful, and can be related to existing information
this is the organisation principle
where is visual information stored?
in a symbolic verbal code
where is verbal information represented?
in an analogue mental images
what does dual-coding theory suggest?
better retention when something is represented in both
why is studying with a friend beneficial?
actively explaining and listening develops new connections and retrieval paths
this makes information easier to recall
what does shallow processing produce?
fragile memory, which is susceptible to rapid forgetting
what does deeper processing produce?
elaborate, and stronger memory traces
why is elaborative (type two) rehearsal beneficial?
memory is better when information can be connected
what does elaborative memory not consider?
- transfer-appropriate processing
- level of processing patterns are much less clear in implicit memory tests
transfer-appropriate processing
better performance when study procedures match their test environments
what did tulving emphasise in the encoding specificity principle?
the importance of the link between acquisition and retrieval
context-dependent memory
when accidental features match between encoding and retrieval
subtypes of context-dependent memory
- external, spatio-temporal environment
- state-dependent
- mood-dependent
- cognitive context-dependent
effect of bilingualism and context-dependent learning
better at remembering information when tested in the same language as when information was acquired
