Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

low generalisability

age driving ed

A

In experiment one there was 45 students and experiment two had 150 students therefore this is not generalizable to the wider population in terms of

age the students are young

and driving experience which is limited

and education experienced which students are good at with memory and questions

Therefore be results that leading questions distort memory cannot be applied to the whole population

washington uni ethnocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

aims

A

experement 1

To investigate how information given to a witness post event, will influence their memory of said event

experement 2

To gather additional insight to the origin of the different speed estimates in experiment one if these are due to distortion or response bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

High generalizability to young students

A

The study has high generalizability due to all participants in both experiment 1 (45 ppts) and experiment 2 (150 ppts) being students therefore it is generalizable to younger educated population groups

all sexes in study so generalise results to all sexes

therefore you can generalize the results that leading questions distorting memory to the young educated population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

High test retest reliability

( do Either experiment one or experiment too as an example don’t do both unless it is a 12 mark question)

A

Mercedes high test retest reliability due to vote experiment of one and two having standardized procedures

1:

The 45 students from the University of Washington were separated into Five groups of nine participants each

Watching a film describing what happened in the film questions and the critical question which was

How fast will the cars going when they …… each other?

Depending on the group depends on which verb was used:

Either: smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted

These questions in the critical question was repeated for each of the 7 films (4 were staged, all from seattle P.D and evergreen saftey council) that ranged from 5 to 30 seconds in length

2:

the 150 students were divided into three groups of 50 participants

each they were shown a one minute film with multiple car accident

each group was given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accents in their own words and then the critical question:

group 1 : how fast will the cars going when they hit each other?

group 2: how fast will the cars going when they smashed into each other

group 3 : they were not asked about vehicle speed

One week later all participants Returned and were given 10 Questions
on a random question number the question was: did you see any broken glass yes or no (there wasnt any)

Due to both experiment one and experiment to having a standardized procedure it means that the study has high test retest reliability as it makes it easier to replicate the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

— mundane realism

A

The study is not applicable to real life
as in a real eyewitness testimony there are more emotions due to seeing victims
and there is time before questions
and opportunity to discuss opinions with others

unlike in experiment one and two

therefore the study task is not accurate or applicable to real life therefore giving it low mundane realism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

High internal validity controls

A

The study had high internal validity due to controls such as

different orders of films for each group in experiment one which decreases the order effects

and the control group and experiment two so it the confounding variable that the different types of verbs cause them to think the glasses broken is obsolete

Therefore due to these controls over extraneous and confounding variables it means that cause and effects can be established between leading questions and distortion of memory therefore giving the study high internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

ethics +/- protection from halm with the exp 1 films

A

+

4/7 films in experiment one were staged and the rest were recycled footage from evergreen safety council and Seattle police department

so nobody got hurt in the films for the purpose of the study therefore there was protection from physical harm which meant it had good ethics

Participants may have known as it was an experiment as there were volunteers

but they didn’t know the 4/7 films were staged so watching them could have impacted negatively on their psychological health

therefore there may not have been protection from psychological harm as there was no debrief on the matter afterwards therefore it is unethical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

Low inter rate reliability

A

The results and conclusion is were not agreed on buy multiple experimenters analysis of the data nor were their multiple experiments at all meaning that the study had low integrate reliability as there were not multiple experimenters to agree on the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

conclusion and app

A

In conclusion

Experiment 1 found that a single changed verb can interfere with the participants estimate of Speed

and that people aren’t very good at judging how fast vehicles are travelling anyway so more susceptible to change when a different verb is used to influence the answer

and the actual speed accounted for little of the variation

experement 2

Misconcluded that’s the memory of an event was changed by leading questions (distortion) rather than just response bias and the wording of the question affected the ppts memory of the event

those who heard the verbs smashed were twice as likely to report seeing Broken Glass

they suggested of there are two kinds of information that goes into a person’s memory of an event

first a person’s own perception

secondly information supplied after the event such as leading questions

An application of this study is that the results were used to form the delvin report in 1976

this meant that nobody could be prosecuted on the basis of one eyewitness testimony due to their inaccurities as false convictions were common with these cases

the delvin report 1976 among similar laws are still used today in courts around the world

Another application is that the police should not open a case based on the report of one eyewitness as the study shows that they can be inaccurate therefore this may be a waste of police time and they should wait until further evidence comes to light before starting their investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

Experiment One results

A

film n• actual spped mean est. speed (no verb)

1 20 37.7
2 30 36.2
3 40 39.7
4 40 36.1

Speed estimates mean mph and verbs

smashed 40.5

collided 39.3

bumped 38.1

hit 39.0

contacted 31.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Loftus and Palmer 1974 classical

Experiment 2 result

A

Response smashed group hit group control group

yes 16 7 6

no 34 43 44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly