developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology Flashcards
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
self forfilling prophecy and labeling
Labelling within the family
y social class matter and parents
Social class matter?
• low social classes could be labeled by higher ones as desperate or Savage criminals and due to the Prophecy they may become criminals
• hire classes could be labeled by lower classes as criminals for example tax fraud or not giving back to the community
• therefore meaning that anything they do will be met with a negative response by the majority possibly causing SFP meaning that they will connect tax fraud
Do labels given to parentls matter to a person?
• labels given to parents for expected to rub off on the person and for them to inherit these labels
• or giving a person a label as a basis of their parents Label
• for example your father was always a troublemaker like father like son
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
SFP and labeling Theory
Internalization of SFP - the development of self-identity
resistance vs acceptence label
People have different levels of tolerance and vigilance towards labels(individual differences)
Ressistance of a label
• a label is resisted and therefore it’s effects on self-identity and self-concept and self-confidence are reduced, meaning that somebody is less likely to fully accept the label due to this natural resistance to labeling that some people have, which is aided by the support of friends and family
Acceptance of labels
• some people with fewer supportive friends and family and with a low level of self-confidence will be more likely to fully accept the label
• as they are less likely to try fight the internalization of the label and a more likely to be intrusive and think that these labels are true
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
SFP and Labeling theory
Self-efficacy, gender of target, self-esteem, exposure to different labels
Indivisual differences in Debelopment can be explained by….
Self Efficacy
• the belief that in the situation you could do a certain task a high self-efficacy may mean that you’re more willing to try new things and prove others wrong with you believe that you can
• wearas a low one means that you are more accepting of what people think of you and less likely to challenge others opinions
• the person with a higher self-efficacy may be more resilient to internalizing labels than someone with a low self-efficacy
Gender of the target
• different Genesis different behavioral expectations and girls are expected to be calm calm emotional, polite, clean and civil
• whereas boys are allowed cover obnoxious, stupid, rude, Messy and violent
• these stereotypes lead to some of the stereotypes forming bits and personality and behavior as they develop over time
• meaning that due to be stereotypes labels a person of that specific gender could take on and internalize the characteristics of said stereotype possibly leading to boys commiting violent crime
High self esteem vs low self esteem
• a person with high self-esteem will have the belief and confidence in their abilities to achieve their goals there are more likely to do so and are all more likely to take on more opportunities and risks to get what they’d like, increasing their chances to develop
• whereas low self-esteem are more likely to not expect as much success from themselves and our surprise when they do achieve success, less likely to take opportunities expecting themselves to fail decreasing their chance of development
• people with low self esteemer more likely to internalize negative labels and possibly become criminals
Exposure to different labels
• exposure to positive labels such as smart increases self-esteem and overall develop high self efficacy and high self-concepts
• exposure to negative labels such as stupid the opposite effects and a more likely to have lower self-effectly and self-concepts
• meaning that a person that is exposed to negative labels and who has low self-concept are more likely to internalize being negative labels and perhaps even become a criminal
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
Sfp Labeling
ealry effects of labeling on development
+ vs -
positive vs neg labeling
positive = increased self concept, belif and self esteem and decreased acceptence of negative labels
negative labels= decreased self esteem, belief and concept = greater acceptences of negative labels, more likely to internalise them and do crime mabye
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
SLT
Do role models matter and explain individual difference in the 4stages
Why do role models matter
• role models are who are looked up to for guidance and develop personality and behaviour
• i.e and negative role models negative behavior could rub off on somebody who looks up to them leading to possibly antisocial behavior
Also explain individual differences
• if I passed has low self-efficacy they will not attempt imitate the role models behaviour as they do not believe that they are not able to
• some have higher self effcacy than others meaning they are more susceptible to imitating role models negative behaviors
4 stages
• Attention: Some people have ADHD in pairing their ability to concentrate and pay attention and therefore wouldn’t be able to notice the role models behavior
• retention: memory issues perhaps Alzheimers/ dementia mean that some people are unable to remember the role models behaviors and therefore would be unable to imitate them
• imitation colon if somebody has low self-effcacy they’d not believe that they can imitate the behavior
• so some people have lower self-efficacy so there wouldn’t be able to imitate the behavior as they would never have tried
• i.e I’d never be able to steal and not get caught
• motivation
• some people are motivated by some external motivations such as money or drugs however some are motivated by internal motivation such as excitement
• some people may not be put off by vicarious punishments so they continue to imitate the behavior
• ie see the role model get caught so they think they can carry on their Legacy
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
Biological explanations xyy
Xyy syndrome is genetic disorder involving a male with an xtra y chromosome it may or may not actually cause aggressive behaviour of a general consensus but it’s probably just the internalization of the label of being a criminal that causes xyy men to cause crime
they have been labeled as violent criminals lowering their self-concept
and due to SFP they then actually become criminals
they have a lower IQ so they are less likely to learn from mistakes or past experiences
women cannot get xyy because it’s a male genetic disorder therefore the increased aggression that it may create cannot be done by a woman because they cannot have it
alternatively women cannot internalize the label of the xyy violent criminal because they cannot have xyy syndrome
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
brain development /injury
The development of the preforntal Cortex when you’re young
• this depends on a person’s experiences which is why a person’s personality is unique so everybody learns in a different way at different stages
• for example people are told to share
• if they say yes this increases the link between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala decreasing aggression as an adult
• if they say no it decreases the link between the prefrontal cortex and limitless increases in pulses and violence when they grow up as they are taking not sharing
Damagement/underdevelopment of the amygdala
• damage to the enigler could cause violent in pulses leading to the possibility of someone committing a crime or losing control but damage is unique and as is on the development so the exact details of its effect are down to individual difference
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
The psychodynamic explanation
People may have different developmental experiences
For example problems in the phallic stage May mean they have a phallic character which is characterized as someone who is self-assured, reckless, vain, proud, incapable of love. This may lead to crime
It’s also affects your super ego which then affects your behavior
Problems in the anal stage means that someone may be:
• annaly retentive which makes them tidy respect authority meaning that they will cause less crime
• Or somebody could be anally expulsive meaning that they are Messy and rebellious which could lead to crime and Prejudice
Or there could be problems in the oral stage:
• too much stimulation in the oral stage mainly to someone being gullible and optimistic
• two little stimulation in the oral stage many does the one being pessimistic aggressive and selfish meaning that they could cause crime
Therefore everyone has different experiences in development that could lead to any one of these problems
• and if you have phallic character are anally expulsive and have two little stimulation in the oral stage it leads to his reckless rebellious and have high aggression which are all offending characteristics
developmental and indivisual differences in criminal psychology
Eysenck’s PEN personality Theory
Individual differences in socialization
Gender can explain individual differences
PEN is unique to some individuals
Individual differences in socialization
• some people grew up being taught certain rules of how to behave for example to take your shoes off in the house
• some people teach violence in a more positive light than others who: limits it to defense or banish this is likely to lead to them doing violence
• for example encouraging someone to beat up a Bully
• everyone has unique experiences though in their socialization so people will have different levels of violent tendencies and attributes
Gender can explain individual differences
• Hollin 1992 found that men’s score more highly in psychoticism than women meaning that men may be more aggressive/impulsive van women who tend to be more warm and empathetic or not this again depends on some one socialization
P.E.N unique to some individuals
• due to each letter of the pen personality including: psychoticism, neuroticism and extroversion; being on a dimension/ spectrum everyone falls on a different place so the more aggressive and impulsive people tend to score highly in all three categories while calm and warm people tend to score lower on some categories
• vessels showing for the individual difference between scores shows and explains why some people may commit more crime than others or have more criminal tendencies than others
