Key Question EWT to Unreliable? Flashcards
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
Delvin report 1976
Delvin report 1976
This was created and stated that a person could not be prosecuted on the base of one eyewitness testimony due to their inaccuracies in recall
which may possibly lead to a false conviction so someone is imprisoned for a crime that they did not commit
This is however only a suggestion but a suggestion that his followed nonetheless
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
The Innocence Project
The Innocence project is a non-profit organization founded in 1992 who works to free wrongly convicted innocent people
They do this with DNA evidence and other science to prove innocence and then rebuild their life post release
They have identified wrong convictions are often due to eyewitness misidentification, misapplication of forensic science, false confessions, official misconduct, coerced pleas
They often protest for laws to be improved on these issues
Due to men taking place near USA this fact is relevant 50 states of the USA can have expert to testify about eyewitness identification to challenge it
• the analyse evidence but lead to convictions and develop legal theories to reopen the case and search for factual evidence of innocence
• this is also similar to the Innocence project in London which was starting 2010
and became a resignated charity in 2020
and 2016 it joined the Innocence network based in the USA with the Innocence project outlined above
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO1
What is the importance of the key question for societies and individuals in today’s Society?
• £9 million was paid in compensation between 2010 and 2019, to 16 people who had criminal convictions overturned in the Northern Ireland
• 84 people were wrongly convicted between 2007 to 2017
• 30% of wrongly convicted crimes a sex related
• 90% of those wrongly convicted are men
• june 2019- march 2020
1336 sucessfull conviction appeals against magistrate court and court of appeal decisions
so can rehear case
and add evidence that was not in The magistrates court b4 in the rehearing (1272 magistrate court decisions were appealed in this time)
• due to being wrongly convicted ppl can loose years of their life and ppl are still suspitious of ppl asif they realy did the crime (stigma still there)
loose years of life in prison and thus years of income
• shows need to improve EWT accuraxy and the Justice system for allowing this to happen
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO1
examples of Wrongly Convicted
• Sam Hallam aged 17, convicted for 7 years for murder, released in 2012, East London, Gang murdered a guy, said was never there but mobile phone not examined that would proved his innocence.
• Victor Nealon, post man, 17 yrs for attempted rape, convicted in 1997, release 2014, woman leaving a night club in redich but was overturned by DNA evidence that it was someone else.
• Arthur Lee Whitfield, served 22yrs, rape, sodomy, robbery, sentece 63 yrs, 1982-2004, Due to EWT mis id, was released after dna evidence, he was African american and the victim was caucasion
it was in america
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO2
knowlege of EWT applyed to reliability
[PEI AND WEAPONS FOCUS FLASH CARDS]
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
Ao3 evaluate
PEI +/-
+
Gabbert et al 2003
• see PEI Flashcards
—
• Stephenson 1988
• most studys done in labs
so not Ew of threatning situations
only of something fake they watched (films)
so inncaurate to real life
so Low Eco Validity/ mundane relaism
so Cant apply PEI to real life
meaning it may not effect EWT accuracy in real life
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO3 evaluate
Stress +/-
+ Koviate and Goldsmith 1996
EWT more accurate if they can say IDK rather than being forced to say smth
if force an answer they just make one up
so inacurate
so EWT recal is innacurate under pressure and stress to give an answer
—
• Christianson and Hubinette 1993
despite Stress and anxiety of the bank 22 bank robberies being well over the yerks dodson law optimum, The 110 witnesses maintained accurate recall 15 mth later
so stress may not be a factor effecting EWT accuracy in real life situations
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
Leading Qs +/-
+ Loftus and Plamer 1974 exp 2
see broken glass Y/N?
no broken glass but 29 still said there was showing how Leading Qs distort ewt Accuracy in recal and mem
—
• Loftus 1979
Shows leading qs not work if blatenly wrong
ppl witness robery
try give Leading q that Red Wallet wad brown
didnt work 98% got it right
show not allways Distory memory and Affect EWT accuracy
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
A03
Reconstructive memory
+ Duncan 1976
see flashcards
—
Duncan 1976
96 undergrads may just be conforming to social norms and didnt think the shove was actualy worse
meaning Reconstructive memory and schemas may not affect EWT accuracy
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO3
weapons Focus
+ Loftus and Burns 1982
- Yullie and Cutshal 1986
See Flashcards
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
AO3
weapon threat and Unusualness
+ Pickel 1996
— Pickel also found High and Low threat objects had little difference in accuracy of recall likely due to being on a video and therefore having low eco validity with less real threat so cant accuratly measure it
but if not case then Weapon threat may not affect EWT accuracy
Key Question EWT to Unreliable to trust?
alt
Flashbulb
Flashbulb memories are memories that have an emotional connection and skip the short-term memory store and immediately go to the long-term memory store therefore any memory with a strong emotional connection will be able to be remembered very accurately opposing the argument that I witness testimonies are inaccurate due to stress anxiety and emotions and things
