Locomotion definitions Flashcards
Axial
Towards the axis or midline of the limb
Abaxial
away from the axis of the limb
Flexion
A folding movement that decreases the angle between two parts
Extension
A straightening movement that increases the angle between two parts
Dorsal flexion
if joints are in a state of overextension or dorsal flexion at rest flexion will result in an increase to the dorsal angle
- some joints such as the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints can do this
Hyperextension
movement beyond the normal range of extension
Abduction
a movement that pulls a structure away from the midline of the body
Adduction
a movement that pulls a structure towards the midline of the body
Circumduction
when an extremity is moved in the curved plane of the surface of a cone
Pronation
an inward rotation so that the palmar surface faces inwards
Supination
an outward rotation so that the palmar surface faces inward
Eversion
the plantar surface of the pes is turned to face laterally (outwards)
- Requires both pronation and abduction of the metatarsus
Inversion
the plantar surface is turned to face medially (towards)
- Requires supination and adduction of metatarsus
Localised skeletal dysplasia
localised abnormality in the development of the skeleton
Syndactyly
partial or complete fusion of digits
Polyadactyly
increased number of digits -> usually forelimb
Amelia
absence of limbs
Hemimelia
absence of parts of limbs
Micromedlia
poorly developed (small) limb
Phocomelia
absence of the proximal portion of the limb
Peromelia
the distal portion of the limb is missing
Brachygnathia
abnormality short jaw (inferior lower jaw)
scoliosis
lateral deviation of the spine
kyphosis
dorsal curvature (hump-backed)
lordosis
ventral curvature or deviation of the spine (horse is called sway-back)
spina bifida
absense of the dorsal portion of the vertebrae (mostly lumbar and sacral segments)
Physis
= physeal plate = metaphyseal growth plate
Growth cartilage =
growth plate (physis) + AEC (articular epiphyseal complex)
Chondrodystrophies
are disorders of bone growth as result of primary lesions to the
growth cartilage
Osteochondrosis
focal failure of the endochondral ossification
osteopenia
don’t have enough bone (nothing on quality of bone)
osteoporosis
don’t have enough bone but the bone that is there is high quality
what is the rickets equivalent in adult animals
osteomalacia
Exostoses
benign outgrowth of cartilaginous tissue on bone
osteitis
inflammation of bone
periosteitis
inflammation of periosteum
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone if the medullary cavity is involved
sequestrum
Bone that has become separated, during the process of necrosis, from surrounding tissue
Involucrum:
the dense rim of reactive tissue and surrounding a sequestered
isometric
increased tone but no change in the length of muscle
isotonic
increase in tone but with change in the length of muscle
Luxation
complete dislocation
Subluxation
partial dislocation
pannus
fibrovascular granulation tissue of bone
fibrous/bony ankylosis
(permanent fibrous tissue bridging across the joint space)
Chondromalacia
Palpable softening of the cartilage
Cartilage fibrillation
development of multiple vertical clefts
Subchondral bone eburnation
exposed subchondral bone becomes reinforced by new bone and constant rubbing causes it to appear dense, polished and ivory-like
periarticular osteophytes
multiple outgrowths of dense trabecular or compact bone resulting from endochondral ossification of foci of metaplastic cartilage
synovial chondromas
osteophytes
synovial osteochondromas
ostephytes
haemarthrosis
- Blood is phagocytosed by macrophages within joint capsule
arthrogryposis
hyperextension or hyperflexion of one or more limb joints
arthritis
inflammation of the synovium and other joint components
synovitis
inflammation restricted to the synovium
Tenosynovitis
= tendosynovitis or tendovaginitis) = inflammation of tendon sheath
