Locomotion definitions

Question 1

Axial

Answer 1

Towards the axis or midline of the limb

Question 2

Abaxial

Answer 2

away from the axis of the limb

Question 3

Flexion

Answer 3

A folding movement that decreases the angle between two parts

Question 4

Extension

Answer 4

A straightening movement that increases the angle between two parts

Question 5

Dorsal flexion

Answer 5

if joints are in a state of overextension or dorsal flexion at rest flexion will result in an increase to the dorsal angle
- some joints such as the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints can do this

Question 6

Hyperextension

Answer 6

movement beyond the normal range of extension

Question 7

Abduction

Answer 7

a movement that pulls a structure away from the midline of the body

Question 8

Adduction

Answer 8

a movement that pulls a structure towards the midline of the body

Question 9

Circumduction

Answer 9

when an extremity is moved in the curved plane of the surface of a cone

Question 10

Pronation

Answer 10

an inward rotation so that the palmar surface faces inwards

Question 11

Supination

Answer 11

an outward rotation so that the palmar surface faces inward

Question 12

Eversion

Answer 12

the plantar surface of the pes is turned to face laterally (outwards)
- Requires both pronation and abduction of the metatarsus

Question 13

Inversion

Answer 13

the plantar surface is turned to face medially (towards)

- Requires supination and adduction of metatarsus

Question 14

Localised skeletal dysplasia

Answer 14

localised abnormality in the development of the skeleton

Question 15

Syndactyly

Answer 15

partial or complete fusion of digits

Question 16

Polyadactyly

Answer 16

increased number of digits -> usually forelimb

Question 17

Amelia

Answer 17

absence of limbs

Question 18

Hemimelia

Answer 18

absence of parts of limbs

Question 19

Micromedlia

Answer 19

poorly developed (small) limb

Question 20

Phocomelia

Answer 20

absence of the proximal portion of the limb

Question 21

Peromelia

Answer 21

the distal portion of the limb is missing

Question 22

Brachygnathia

Answer 22

abnormality short jaw (inferior lower jaw)

Question 23

scoliosis

Answer 23

lateral deviation of the spine

Question 24

kyphosis

Answer 24

dorsal curvature (hump-backed)

Question 25

lordosis

Answer 25

ventral curvature or deviation of the spine (horse is called sway-back)

Question 26

spina bifida

Answer 26

absense of the dorsal portion of the vertebrae (mostly lumbar and sacral segments)

Question 27

Physis

Answer 27

= physeal plate = metaphyseal growth plate

Question 28

Growth cartilage =

Answer 28

growth plate (physis) + AEC (articular epiphyseal complex)

Question 29

Chondrodystrophies

Answer 29

are disorders of bone growth as result of primary lesions to the growth cartilage

Question 30

Osteochondrosis

Answer 30

focal failure of the endochondral ossification

Question 31

osteopenia

Answer 31

don't have enough bone (nothing on quality of bone)

Question 32

osteoporosis

Answer 32

don't have enough bone but the bone that is there is high quality

Question 33

what is the rickets equivalent in adult animals

Answer 33

osteomalacia

Question 34

Exostoses

Answer 34

benign outgrowth of cartilaginous tissue on bone

Question 35

osteitis

Answer 35

inflammation of bone

Question 36

periosteitis

Answer 36

inflammation of periosteum

Question 37

osteomyelitis

Answer 37

Inflammation of the bone if the medullary cavity is involved

Question 38

sequestrum

Answer 38

Bone that has become separated, during the process of necrosis, from surrounding tissue

Question 39

Involucrum:

Answer 39

the dense rim of reactive tissue and surrounding a sequestered

Question 40

isometric

Answer 40

increased tone but no change in the length of muscle

Question 41

isotonic

Answer 41

increase in tone but with change in the length of muscle

Question 42

Luxation

Answer 42

complete dislocation

Question 43

Subluxation

Answer 43

partial dislocation

Question 44

pannus

Answer 44

fibrovascular granulation tissue of bone

Question 45

fibrous/bony ankylosis

Answer 45

(permanent fibrous tissue bridging across the joint space)

Question 46

Chondromalacia

Answer 46

Palpable softening of the cartilage

Question 47

Cartilage fibrillation

Answer 47

development of multiple vertical clefts

Question 48

Subchondral bone eburnation

Answer 48

exposed subchondral bone becomes reinforced by new bone and constant rubbing causes it to appear dense, polished and ivory-like

Question 49

periarticular osteophytes

Answer 49

multiple outgrowths of dense trabecular or compact bone resulting from endochondral ossification of foci of metaplastic cartilage

Question 50

synovial chondromas

Answer 50

osteophytes

Question 51

synovial osteochondromas

Answer 51

ostephytes

Question 52

haemarthrosis

Answer 52

- Blood is phagocytosed by macrophages within joint capsule

Question 53

arthrogryposis

Answer 53

hyperextension or hyperflexion of one or more limb joints

Question 54

arthritis

Answer 54

inflammation of the synovium and other joint components

Question 55

synovitis

Answer 55

inflammation restricted to the synovium

Question 56

Tenosynovitis

Answer 56

= tendosynovitis or tendovaginitis) = inflammation of tendon sheath