HLI definitions Flashcards
Haemostasis
arrest of blood loss from damaged vessels
coagulation
formation of a fibrin clot in a blood vessel
thrombus vs clot
forms in vivo vs forms in static blood
thrombosis
pathological formation of a haemostatic plug in a blood vessel in the absence of blood loss
thromboembolus
a blockage in a blood vessel caused by a dislodged thrombus
Haemorrhage by rhexis
a substantial tear in a blood vessel or a tear in a heart chamber -> rapid escape of a substantial volume of blood
haemorrhage by diapedesis
escape of red blood cells one by one through minute or microscopically imperceptible defects in vessel walls
haemarthrosis
haemorrhage into a synovial joint
haemoptysis
coughing blood
haematemesis
vomiting of blood
haematochezia
passage of fresh blood in faeces (typically over the surface of stools)
dysentery
diarrhoea containing blood
meleana
diffuse, dark red-black discolouration of faeces due to upper alimentary tract haemorrhage or swallowing of blood from the respiratory tract
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
hyphaema
haemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye
petechiae haemorrhages
tiny, pinpoint foci of haemorrhage, 1-2 mm in diameter
- petechiae are typically found in skin and on mucosal and serosal membranes
purpura haemorrhage
slightly larger haemorrhages ≥ 3 mm in diameter
ecchymoses haemorrhage
larger foci of haemorrhage, 2-3 cm in diameter; usually blotchy and of irregular shape
paintbrush haemorrhage
(or suffuse or suffusive) haemorrhages = linear or streaky haemorrhages, especially over serosal or mucosal membranes, as if a brush dipped in red paint has been hastily splashed across the tissues
what type of haemorrhages are visible but not palpable
petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses and paintbrush haemorrhages
haematoma and when seen
a palpable, discrete, space-occupying mass of clotted blood within tissues - largest volume of blood
- small haematomas are common at sites of difficult venipuncture
Haemorrhagic diatheses
clinical disorders of haemostasis characterised by a bleeding tendency
- haemorrhage may occur spontaneously or there may be excessive bleeding in response to minor trauma
thrombocytopathies
platelet function disorders
thrombopathia
absence or dysfunction of a signal transduction protein necessary for platelet release of dense granules and exposure of binding sites for fibrinogen
myelophthisis
crowding of the bone marrow
Heat stroke
Hyperthermia associated with a systemic inflammatory response leading to a syndrome of multi-organ dysfunction in which encephalopathy predominates
afferent lymphatics and where find in L.N
carry lymph to the lymph nodes, with APC
found at capsule
efferent lymphatics and where find in L.N
carry lymph away from the lymph nodes, without APC (no CD14 positive cells in sheep)
found at the hilus
stroma
“the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.”
Parenchyma
the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue.
Myeloid haemopoietic tissue
bone marrow
Tracecula
connective tissue in human thymus but in veterinary medicine called the septum
PALS - periarterial lymphatic sheath
Lymphocytes surrounding the central artery
occurs within the spleen
MALT
NALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissues
Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), nasopharyngeal tonsils
Lymphadenomegaly
enlarged lymph nodes
lymphoid necrosis
lysis of cells of the lymphoid tissue
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of the nucleus
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Splenosis
splenic tissue away from the spleen such as in the omentum that function properly
degenerate neutrophils
haemoyltic or dying neutriphils associated with sepsis such as bacteria
reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
lymph node reacting to infection - will have different colonies of lymphocytes in different stages
what do the describing words unencapsulated and infiltrative indicate
malignant
karyorrhectic debris
nuclear debris (grossly white necrosis)
apoptoic cell
cell suicide
polygonal cells
cells that are spiky - irregular angles
vesticular nucleus
active nucleus
what does numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages indicate
bleeding has occured
what does extramedulary haematopoesis indicate
anaemia - possibly non-regenerative
Atopy
a genetic predisposition toward the development of immediate hypersensitivity reactions against common environmental antigens - multifaced
Atopic individuals
have higher levels of IgE and eosinophils and are therefore more susceptible to immediate hypersensitivity reactions
asthma
- A manifestation of immediate hypersensitivity and late-phase reactions in the lung
Haematopoiesis
production of blood cells
Erythropoiesis
production of RBC
Leukopoiesis
production of WBC
Myelopoiesis
production of granulocytes and monocytes
Granulopoiesis
production of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Lymphopoiesis
production of lymphocytes
Thrombopoiesis
production of platelets
plasma
is the fluid in which blood cells circulate
- has coagulants in the plasma as don’t clot
- obtain via centrifuge
serum
is the fluid that remains after blood coagulates - don’t have blood coagulants as blood has clotted and used it up
• obtain via centrifugation of clotted blood
pancytopenia
decrease in all 3 cell lines
Aplasia
lack of a cell line
aplastic anaemia
Animals with generalised marrow aplasia (affecting all three cell lines)
what is the other name for seratonin
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Hyperkeratosis
an increase in the thickness of the stratum corenum
seborrhea
describe the clinical signs of excessive scaling, crusting and greasiness
acanthosis
Increased thickness of stratum spinosum often accompanies epidermal hyperplasia.
Lichenification
Thickened and rough skin characterized by prominent skin markings; usually the result of repeated rubbing in susceptible persons
erythema
redness of skin and mucosal membranes
comedone
clogged hair follicle within the skin
callus
is a localized, hyperplastic skin reaction to trauma caused by pressure or friction
Spongiosis
Intercellular edema of the epidermis.
vesicle
Fluid-filled raised lesion <10 mm across.
Acantholysis
Loss of intercellular connections resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes.
Folliculitis
inflammation of the hair follicle
Furuncolosis
rupture of the follicular wall due to weakening from folliculitis
Pyoderma
skin infection with the formation of puss
Alopecia
hair loss
papule
A papule is a small solid elevation in the skin , less than 1cm in diameter.
Nodule
A well demarcated, solid elevation in the skin greater than 1cm (usually neoplasia, cysts and deep infection), hairless
Pustule
A small, circumscribed elevation in the skin filled with pus-usually bacterial infection
Rash
collection of erythematous macules, papules and pustules
Epidermal collarette
Annular area of scale formed when a pustule ruptures -usually means bacterial infection
Macule
A well demarcated, non-palpable area of decolourisation on the skin, less than 1 cm
Wheal
Sharply circumscribed area of oedema- as in seen with bee stings
Crusts
Accumulation of dried exudate e.g. serum or pus, can be greasy
Scale
Accumulation of loose components of the stratum corneum- can be dry or greasy
Leukoderma
Loss of pigment from the skin (contact reaction to rubber, immune mediated diseases)
Leukotrichia
Loss of pigment from the hair (immune mediated diseases)
Comedone:
Dilated hair follicle( no hair shaft) filled with dead skin. (commonly demodex)
Ulcer
Full thickness loss of the epidermis. (as per erosion)
Erosion
loss of surface layers of the epidermis
Eschar
a slough or piece of dead tissue that is case off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury
