Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
Total number of bones in the human skeleton
206
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
Axial skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever
- Skull- 29 bones
- Vertebral column- 26 bones
- Ribs- 24 bones
- Sternum- 1 bone
Appendicular skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever
- Forelimbs- 60 bones
- Hindlimbs- 60 bones
- Girdles (Pectoral + Pelvic)- 6 bones
Skull- composition
like skull sub-bones (??)
- Cranium- 8 bones
- Facial- 14 bones
- Ear ossicles- 6 bones (!! 3 in each ear !!)
- Hyoid- 1 bone
Vertebral column- composition
Vertebral column sub-bones (??)
- Cervical- 7 bones
- Thoracic- 12 bones
- Lumbar- 5 bones
- Sacral- 1 –> 5 fused
- Coccyx- 1 –> 4 fused
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Cranial bones- number + names (+number)
8 Cranial bones
* Ethmoid- 1
* Frontal- 1
* Sphenoid- 1
* Parietal- 2 (paired)
* Temporal- 2 (paired)
* Occipital- 1
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Facial bones- number + names(+number)
14 facial bones
* Mandible- 1
* Maxilla- 2
* Palatine- 2
* Nasal- 2
* Lacrimal- 2
* Zygomatic- 2
* Inferior nasal concha- 2
* Vomer- 1
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Ear Ossicles- name
Malleus
Incus
Stapes (smallest bone in the human body)
3 on each side, 6 in total
Appendicular skeleton
No. of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones
* Forelimbs- 60 bones
* Hindlimbs- 60 bones
* Girdles- 6 bones
Forelimbs- no. of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Forelimbs- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Humerus: 1x 2= 2
* Radius: 1 x 2= 2
* Ulna: 1 x 2= 2
* Carpels: 8 x 2= 16
* Metacarpals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28
Hindlimb- number of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Hindlimb- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Femur: 1 x 2= 2
* Tibia: 1 x 2= 2
* Fibula: 1 x 2= 2
* Patella: 1 x 2= 2
* Tarsals: 7 x 2= 14
* Metatarsals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28
Types of joints
- Immovable joints (synarthrosis)
- Slightly movable joints (amphiarthrosis)
- Freely movable joints (diarthrosis)
Synarthrosis
- Immovable joints
- Joints that are fused for strength
- E.g. sutures in the skull
Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly movable joints
- Joints which bind bones together to make up the skeleton with limited movement
- E.g. cartilaginous joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Diarthrosis
- Freely movable joints
- Joints which allow for movement
- Also called Synvoial Joints
Synovial joints- structure
- Ends of articulating bone surfaces are covered with cartilage
- They remain separated from one another by a synovial cavity containing a viscous, slippery synovial fluid
- The fluid lubricates the bone for easy movement and reduces friction
Types of synovial joints + examples
- Ball and socket joints
E.g.: shoulder (head of the humerus and glenoid cavity) and hip joints (head of the femur and acetabulum) - Hinge joints
E.g.: Elbow joint, knee joint - Pivot joints
E.g.: Radius and ulna; neck - Gliding joints
E.g.: Wrist
Tendon
- Tough and non-flexible
- Joins muscles to bones
- Formed of white fibrous connective tissues and fibroblasts are arranged in rows
Ligament
- Elastic and flexible
- Joins bone to bone
- Formed of yellow fibrous tissues and fibroblasts are scattered in the matrix
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of skeletal muscle
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
