Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
Total number of bones in the human skeleton
206
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
Axial skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever
- Skull- 29 bones
- Vertebral column- 26 bones
- Ribs- 24 bones
- Sternum- 1 bone
Appendicular skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever
- Forelimbs- 60 bones
- Hindlimbs- 60 bones
- Girdles (Pectoral + Pelvic)- 6 bones
Skull- composition
like skull sub-bones (??)
- Cranium- 8 bones
- Facial- 14 bones
- Ear ossicles- 6 bones (!! 3 in each ear !!)
- Hyoid- 1 bone
Vertebral column- composition
Vertebral column sub-bones (??)
- Cervical- 7 bones
- Thoracic- 12 bones
- Lumbar- 5 bones
- Sacral- 1 –> 5 fused
- Coccyx- 1 –> 4 fused
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Cranial bones- number + names (+number)
8 Cranial bones
* Ethmoid- 1
* Frontal- 1
* Sphenoid- 1
* Parietal- 2 (paired)
* Temporal- 2 (paired)
* Occipital- 1
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Facial bones- number + names(+number)
14 facial bones
* Mandible- 1
* Maxilla- 2
* Palatine- 2
* Nasal- 2
* Lacrimal- 2
* Zygomatic- 2
* Inferior nasal concha- 2
* Vomer- 1
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Ear Ossicles- name
Malleus
Incus
Stapes (smallest bone in the human body)
3 on each side, 6 in total
Appendicular skeleton
No. of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones
* Forelimbs- 60 bones
* Hindlimbs- 60 bones
* Girdles- 6 bones
Forelimbs- no. of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Forelimbs- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Humerus: 1x 2= 2
* Radius: 1 x 2= 2
* Ulna: 1 x 2= 2
* Carpels: 8 x 2= 16
* Metacarpals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28
Hindlimb- number of bones
Constituents + number of bones
Hindlimb- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Femur: 1 x 2= 2
* Tibia: 1 x 2= 2
* Fibula: 1 x 2= 2
* Patella: 1 x 2= 2
* Tarsals: 7 x 2= 14
* Metatarsals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28
Types of joints
- Immovable joints (synarthrosis)
- Slightly movable joints (amphiarthrosis)
- Freely movable joints (diarthrosis)
Synarthrosis
- Immovable joints
- Joints that are fused for strength
- E.g. sutures in the skull
Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly movable joints
- Joints which bind bones together to make up the skeleton with limited movement
- E.g. cartilaginous joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Diarthrosis
- Freely movable joints
- Joints which allow for movement
- Also called Synvoial Joints
Synovial joints- structure
- Ends of articulating bone surfaces are covered with cartilage
- They remain separated from one another by a synovial cavity containing a viscous, slippery synovial fluid
- The fluid lubricates the bone for easy movement and reduces friction
Types of synovial joints + examples
- Ball and socket joints
E.g.: shoulder (head of the humerus and glenoid cavity) and hip joints (head of the femur and acetabulum) - Hinge joints
E.g.: Elbow joint, knee joint - Pivot joints
E.g.: Radius and ulna; neck - Gliding joints
E.g.: Wrist
Tendon
- Tough and non-flexible
- Joins muscles to bones
- Formed of white fibrous connective tissues and fibroblasts are arranged in rows
Ligament
- Elastic and flexible
- Joins bone to bone
- Formed of yellow fibrous tissues and fibroblasts are scattered in the matrix
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of skeletal muscle
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
Muscle proteins
5
- Actin
- Myosin
- Titin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
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Twitch
When a muscle is stimulated with a single threshold stimulus, it quickly contracts and relaxes. This response is called a Twitch.
Summation
The phenomenon in which one contraction is added to a previous one to produce a graded shortening of the muscle is called Summation.
Tetanus
The frequency of stimulation is so rapid, that the muscle does not have time to relax. This sustained contractiton of muscle is called Tetanus.
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of the muscles after death due to unavailability of ATP for dissociating the actin-myosin-ADP complex is called Rigor mortis.
Myasthenia Gravis- What is it
- Auto-immune disease of the musculoskeletal system
- Antibodies directed against the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
- More common in women- age: 20 to 50
- Symptoms: Difficulty in swallowing, weakness of eye muscles and limbs.
Myasthenia Gravis: Treatment
- Plasmapheresis: removal of antibodies from the blood
- Anticholinesterase drugs, steroids
Muscular dystrophy- what is it (briefly)
- Genetically inherited disease
- Gradual wasting of muscles
Muscular dystrophy- 3 main forms
- Duchenne childhood form: In boys (lower limb)
- Facio-scapula humeral form- both sexes (face, upper limb)
- Limb girdle muscular dystrophy- in adults of both sexes- 20 to 25 years of age (shoulder, hip)
Arthritis- what is it + two types
Inflammation of the joints
the two types of arthritis are:
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
- Degenerative joint disease
- Shock absorbing cartilage between bones of the joint wears away
- More likely in women than in men
Rheumatoid arthritis
- Autoimmune disease
- Progressive destructive swelling of synovial membrane of joints
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become thin and brittle.
- Most common in women after menopause.
- Symptoms: Persistent backache, bones may be broken or compressed by only minor injuries or even normal activities.
Gout
- Chemical processes of the body are upset and there is deposition of sodium urate crystals in the joints and tendons.
- Prevalent more in males than in females
- Deposition of crystals causes acute inflammatory response
Tetany
- Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood due to hypoparathyroidism.
- Muscular spasms
- Twitching
What does each muscle fibre consist of?
Parallelly arranged filaments called myofibrils or myofilaments
Storehouse of calcium
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smallest unit of muscle contraction
Sarcomere
M-line
interconnections b/w adjacent myosin filaments is called the M-line
