Locomotion and Movement

Question 1

Total number of bones in the human skeleton

Answer 1

206

Question 2

Number of bones in axial skeleton

Answer 2

80

Question 3

Number of bones in appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

126

Question 4

Axial skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever

Answer 4

• Skull- 29 bones
• Vertebral column- 26 bones
• Ribs- 24 bones
• Sternum- 1 bone

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton- what does it comprise of + number of bones in each whatever

Answer 5

• Forelimbs- 60 bones
• Hindlimbs- 60 bones
• Girdles (Pectoral + Pelvic)- 6 bones

Question 6

Skull- composition

like skull sub-bones (??)

Answer 6

• Cranium- 8 bones
• Facial- 14 bones
• Ear ossicles- 6 bones (!! 3 in each ear !!)
• Hyoid- 1 bone

Question 7

Vertebral column- composition

Vertebral column sub-bones (??)

Answer 7

• Cervical- 7 bones
• Thoracic- 12 bones
• Lumbar- 5 bones
• Sacral- 1 –> 5 fused
• Coccyx- 1 –> 4 fused

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Question 8

Cranial bones- number + names (+number)

Answer 8

8 Cranial bones
* Ethmoid- 1
* Frontal- 1
* Sphenoid- 1
* Parietal- 2 (paired)
* Temporal- 2 (paired)
* Occipital- 1

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Question 9

Facial bones- number + names(+number)

Answer 9

14 facial bones
* Mandible- 1
* Maxilla- 2
* Palatine- 2
* Nasal- 2
* Lacrimal- 2
* Zygomatic- 2
* Inferior nasal concha- 2
* Vomer- 1

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Question 10

Ear Ossicles- name

Answer 10

Malleus
Incus
Stapes (smallest bone in the human body)

3 on each side, 6 in total

Question 11

Appendicular skeleton
No. of bones
Constituents + number of bones

Answer 11

Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones
* Forelimbs- 60 bones
* Hindlimbs- 60 bones
* Girdles- 6 bones

Question 12

Forelimbs- no. of bones
Constituents + number of bones

Answer 12

Forelimbs- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Humerus: 1x 2= 2
* Radius: 1 x 2= 2
* Ulna: 1 x 2= 2
* Carpels: 8 x 2= 16
* Metacarpals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28

Question 13

Hindlimb- number of bones
Constituents + number of bones

Answer 13

Hindlimb- 60 bones (30 on each side)
* Femur: 1 x 2= 2
* Tibia: 1 x 2= 2
* Fibula: 1 x 2= 2
* Patella: 1 x 2= 2
* Tarsals: 7 x 2= 14
* Metatarsals: 5 x 2= 10
* Phalanges: 14 x 2= 28

Question 14

Types of joints

Answer 14

1. Immovable joints (synarthrosis)
2. Slightly movable joints (amphiarthrosis)
3. Freely movable joints (diarthrosis)

Question 15

Synarthrosis

Answer 15

• Immovable joints
• Joints that are fused for strength
• E.g. sutures in the skull

Question 16

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 16

• Slightly movable joints
• Joints which bind bones together to make up the skeleton with limited movement
• E.g. cartilaginous joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Question 17

Diarthrosis

Answer 17

• Freely movable joints
• Joints which allow for movement
• Also called Synvoial Joints

Question 18

Synovial joints- structure

Answer 18

• Ends of articulating bone surfaces are covered with cartilage
• They remain separated from one another by a synovial cavity containing a viscous, slippery synovial fluid
• The fluid lubricates the bone for easy movement and reduces friction

Question 19

Types of synovial joints + examples

Answer 19

1. Ball and socket joints
   E.g.: shoulder (head of the humerus and glenoid cavity) and hip joints (head of the femur and acetabulum)
2. Hinge joints
   E.g.: Elbow joint, knee joint
3. Pivot joints
   E.g.: Radius and ulna; neck
4. Gliding joints
   E.g.: Wrist

Question 20

Tendon

Answer 20

1. Tough and non-flexible
2. Joins muscles to bones
3. Formed of white fibrous connective tissues and fibroblasts are arranged in rows

Question 21

Ligament

Answer 21

1. Elastic and flexible
2. Joins bone to bone
3. Formed of yellow fibrous tissues and fibroblasts are scattered in the matrix

Question 22

Sarcoplasm

Answer 22

Cytoplasm of skeletal muscle

Question 23

Sarcolemma

Answer 23

Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle

Question 24

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

Endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle

Question 25

Muscle proteins

5

Answer 25

1. Actin
2. Myosin
3. Titin
4. Troponin
5. Tropomyosin

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Question 26

Twitch

Answer 26

When a muscle is stimulated with a single threshold stimulus, it quickly contracts and relaxes. This response is called a Twitch.

Question 27

Summation

Answer 27

The phenomenon in which one contraction is added to a previous one to produce a graded shortening of the muscle is called Summation.

Question 28

Tetanus

Answer 28

The frequency of stimulation is so rapid, that the muscle does not have time to relax. This sustained contractiton of muscle is called Tetanus.

Question 29

Rigor mortis

Answer 29

Stiffening of the muscles after death due to unavailability of ATP for dissociating the actin-myosin-ADP complex is called Rigor mortis.

Question 30

Myasthenia Gravis- What is it

Answer 30

• Auto-immune disease of the musculoskeletal system
• Antibodies directed against the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
• More common in women- age: 20 to 50
• Symptoms: Difficulty in swallowing, weakness of eye muscles and limbs.

Question 31

Myasthenia Gravis: Treatment

Answer 31

• Plasmapheresis: removal of antibodies from the blood
• Anticholinesterase drugs, steroids

Question 32

Muscular dystrophy- what is it (briefly)

Answer 32

• Genetically inherited disease
• Gradual wasting of muscles

Question 33

Muscular dystrophy- 3 main forms

Answer 33

1. Duchenne childhood form: In boys (lower limb)
2. Facio-scapula humeral form- both sexes (face, upper limb)
3. Limb girdle muscular dystrophy- in adults of both sexes- 20 to 25 years of age (shoulder, hip)

Question 34

Arthritis- what is it + two types

Answer 34

Inflammation of the joints

the two types of arthritis are:
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 35

Osteoarthritis

Answer 35

• Degenerative joint disease
• Shock absorbing cartilage between bones of the joint wears away
• More likely in women than in men

Question 36

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 36

• Autoimmune disease
• Progressive destructive swelling of synovial membrane of joints

Question 37

Osteoporosis

Answer 37

• Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become thin and brittle.
• Most common in women after menopause.
• Symptoms: Persistent backache, bones may be broken or compressed by only minor injuries or even normal activities.

Question 38

Gout

Answer 38

• Chemical processes of the body are upset and there is deposition of sodium urate crystals in the joints and tendons.
• Prevalent more in males than in females
• Deposition of crystals causes acute inflammatory response

Question 39

Tetany

Answer 39

• Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood due to hypoparathyroidism.
• Muscular spasms
• Twitching

Question 40

What does each muscle fibre consist of?

Answer 40

Parallelly arranged filaments called myofibrils or myofilaments

Question 41

Storehouse of calcium

Answer 41

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

Smallest unit of muscle contraction

Answer 42

Sarcomere

Question 43

M-line

Answer 43

interconnections b/w adjacent myosin filaments is called the M-line