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Biology (class 11) > Biological Classification > Flashcards

Biological Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monera: Cell type, body organisation, mode of nutrition

A

cell type: prokaryotic
body organisation: cellular
mode of nutrition: autotrophic (chemosynthetic and photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (saprophytic and parasitic)

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2
Q

Protista: Cell type, body organisation, mode of nutrition

A

cell type: eukaryotic
body organisation: cellular
mode of nutrition: autotrophic {photosynthetic) and heterotrophic

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3
Q

Fungi: Cell type, body organisation, mode of nutrition

A

cell type: eukaryotic
body organisation: multicellular
mode of nutrition: heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic)

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4
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Monera

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Unicellular
  3. Lack membrane bound organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, mitochondria, etc.
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5
Q

Classify bacteria on the basis of shape

A
  1. Bacillus or rod shaped: in groups of two they are called diplobacillus and in chains they are called streptobacillus. E.g. Lactobacillus (*underline)
  2. Coccus or spherical bacteria: Non-motile, lack flagella, in clusters: staphylococcus, in chains: streptococcus
  3. Spiral or helical bacteria: Have one or more flagella at each pole, e.g. Spriocheates (underline), Spirillum (underline)
  4. Comma shaped vibrium: Bears a single flagellum at its tip. E.g. Vibrio cholerae (*underline)
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6
Q

Classification of bacteria on the basis of nutrition: 3 categories

A
  1. Phototrophs: Bacteria which are capable of synthesising food by themselves by using radiat energy (light)
  2. Chemotrophs: Bacteria which obtain energy by oxidising chemical compounds
  3. Heterotrophs: Bacteria which cannot synthesise their own food and hence require organic compounds
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7
Q

How do photoautotrophic bacteria obtain reducing power?

A
  1. They convert radiant energy into chemical energy but cannot ‘split’ water to obtain reducing power
  2. No oxygen is eveolved, and it is called anoxygenic photosynthesis
  3. Instead they obtain reducing power from thiosulphate, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen and even some organic compounds
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8
Q

3 types of photoautotrophic bacteria

A

Green sulphur bacteria: Chlorobium (underline)
Purple sulphur bacteria: Chromatium (underline)
Non-purple sulphur bacteria: Rhodospirillum (*underline)

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9
Q

4 types of chemosynthetic bacteria

A

Sulphur bacteria: Thiobacillus (underline)
Hydrogen bacteria: Hydrogenomonas (underline)
Nitrifying bacteria: Nitrosomonas (underline), Nitrobacter (underline)
Iron bactera: Ferrobacillus (*underline)

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10
Q

3 types of heterotrophic bacteria

A

Parasitic: Escherichia coli (underline), Vibrio cholerae (underline)
Saprophytic: Bacillus mycoides (underline)
Symbiotic: Rhizobium (underline) and leguminous plants

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11
Q

Classify bacteria on the mode of respiration

A

Strict or obligate aerobes: Oxygen is essential for their life
Strict or obligate anaerobes: Cannot grow in oxygen
Facultative bacteria: Can live in environments with or without oxygen

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12
Q

Cell wall structure of Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria

A

Gram +ve:
Thick, single layer

Gram -ve:
Thin, triple layer

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13
Q

Cell wall composition of Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria

A

Gram +ve:
Peptidoglycan present in high amount, teichoic acid present

Gram -ve:
Peptidoglycan present in low amount, teichoic acid absent

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14
Q

Types of asexual reproduction in bacteria

A
  1. Binary fission: A mode of asexual reproduction achieved by splitting of parent cell into two equal parts, each of which grows to parental size and form
  2. Budding: Buds are given out from the bacterial cell and they eventually separate from it by a constriction, developing into a new bacterial cell
  3. Endospore formation: Some Gram +ve bacteria form endospores which are thick walled, extremely resistant and long lived, they are formed in a vegetative state
    E.g. Bacillus (*underline)
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15
Q

Types of sexual reproduction in bacteria (Names only)

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transduction
  3. Transformation
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16
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange of genetic material by direct cell-to-cell contact is known as conjugation

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17
Q

Transduction

A

It is the process by which there is a gene transfer from one bacterium to another by means of a temperate bacteriophage

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18
Q

Transformation

A

Process whereby cell-free or ‘naked’ DNA containing a limited amount of genetic information is transferred from one bacterial cell to another

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19
Q

Harmful activities of bacteria

A
  1. Pathogenic activities: Many bacteria are pathogenic in plants, animals and human beings.
  2. Food spoilage: Bacteria like Lactobacillus (underline), Proteus (underline), Micrococcus (underline), Streptococcus (underline) cause spoilage of food.
  3. Water pollution: Many bacteria multiply in water and make it unpotable. Bacteria causing cholera (Vibrio cholerae (*underline)) are generally transmitted through water
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20
Q

Bacterial diseases of plants + their pathogens

A

Blight of paddy: Xanthomonas oryzae (underline)
Citrus canker: Xanthomonas citri (underline)

21
Q

Bacterial diseases of human beings + their pathogens

A

Cholera: Vibrio cholerae (underline)
Typhoid: Salmonella typhi (underline)

22
Q

Sewage treatment of bacteria stages

A
  1. Primary treatment: Physical removal of particles by filtration and sedimentation
  2. Secondary treatment:
    (a) by aerobic bacteria: Effluent is mixed with aerobic bacteria which grow vigorously and digest organic waste material
    (b) by anaerobic bacteria: Sludge is muixed with anaerobic bacteria which digest and decompose biodegradable material present in waste
23
Q

Bacitracin: source, range of action, mode of action

A

Source: Bacillus subtilis (*underline)
Range of action: Grame +ve bacteria
Mode of action: Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall

24
Q

Colistin: source, range of action, mode of action

A

Source: Bacillus colstinus (*underline)
Range of action: Grame -ve bacteria
Mode of action: Destroys cell membrane

25
Q

Energy production by bacteria

A

The most useful microbe in energy production is Thermoanerobacter ethanolicus (*underline)
It respires anaerobically and produces ethanol and methane. SInce methane is produced, it is also called a methanogen

26
Q

Bacteria that helps in the curdling of milk

A

Lactobacillus (*underline)

27
Q

In what respect are viruses living?

A
  1. Viruses have genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  2. They mutate
  3. They can grow
28
Q

In what respect are viruses non-living?

A
  1. They can be crystallized and stored like an ordinary chemical in a bottle or a test tube indefinitely.
  2. Outside the host, viruses are chemically inert
  3. They do not have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, or cell organelles
29
Q

What are some characteristics that are unique to viruses?

A
  1. Presence of either DNA or RNA
  2. Capacity to reproduce from the sole nucleic acid
  3. They do not carry out cell division
30
Q

D.J. Iwanowsky

A

Infectious agent of Tobacco mosaic virus can pass through bacterial filter

31
Q

M.W. Beijerinck

A

Concept of Contagium vivum fluidum proposed- the extract of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid contagium vivum fluidum

32
Q

W. M. Stanley

A
  1. Virus isolated in crystalline form for the first time
  2. Electron microscopic study of a plant virus
33
Q

Viroids

A

Small single stranded circular RNA agents which infect plants

34
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteinaceous particles without any association with nucleic acids

35
Q

Kingdom Protista- characteristics

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Unicellular
  3. Predominantly water dwelling
  4. Membrane bound structures present
36
Q

Locomotory organelles in protists

A
  1. Pseudopodia: Temporary structures formed by streaming flow of the cytoplasm E.g. Amoeba (*underline)
  2. Flagella: E.g. Euglena (*underline)
  3. Cilia: E.g. Paramecium (*underline)
37
Q

Photosynthetic protists

A
  1. Chrysophytes
    - algae
    - reserve food material as fats, oils, and a polysaccharide called laminarin

Chrysophytes
—> golden brown algae
—> Yellow/green algae

  1. Dinoflagellates
    - cellulosic wall is divided into plates giving them an armoured appearance
    - their overgrowth causes red tides
    E.g. Gonyaulax (*underline)
  2. Euglenoids
    - Have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
    E.g. Euglena (*underline)
38
Q

Protozoan protists

A

1) Flagellated protozoans (Zooflagellates):
-Trypanosomes (underline): African sleeping sickness
-Leishmania (underline): kala azar (liver infection)
-Trichonymph (*underline): seen in gut of termites, digest cellulose

2) Amoeboid protozoans (Rhizopods):
-Entamoeba histolyca (*underline): causes amoebic dysentery

39
Q

Lichen

A

Symbiotic association of fungi and algae
- Fungi help algae cling to the substrate
- Algae provide food

40
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

Symbiotic association of fungi and roots of higher plants

41
Q

Mode of nutrition of fungi

A

Heterotrophic

42
Q

Fungal classification: 4 groups

A
  1. Zygomycetes
  2. Ascomycetes
  3. Basidiomycetes
  4. Deuteromycetes
43
Q

Zygomycetes

A
  • Conjugation fungi
  • aseptate hyphae
    E.g. Rhizopus stolonifer (*underline)
    seen beneath the soil, feed on organic matter, good decomposers
44
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  • sac fungi (because reproductive organ looks like a sac)
  • septate hyphae
    E.g. Penicillium notatum (underline)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (    underline) (yeast)
45
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Club fungi
E.g. Agaricus bisporus (*underline)

46
Q

Deuteromycetes

A

-Imperfect fungi because they do not exhibit a sexual life cycle
E.g. Alternaria (*underline)

47
Q

Beneficial fungi

A
  • Edible mushrooms
  • Yeast used in baking
  • Preparation of organic acids like citric acid
  • Effective decomposers
48
Q

Harmful fungi

A
  • Fungal rot, specially in food E.g. Bread mould
  • Fungal spores as allergens
  • Responsible for causing diseases in plants and animals

Biology (class 11) (14 decks)

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