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Biology (class 11) > Chemical Coordination and Integration > Flashcards

Chemical Coordination and Integration Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System- Characteristics

A
  • Glands lack ducts (Ductless glands)
  • Glands release hormones into the blood directly
  • Hormones are released in small quantities
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2
Q

What are the two groups of endocrine glands?

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble

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3
Q

Lipid soluble- Group I

A

Receptors are seen on the cytoplasm of the target cells
Example: Steroid hormones

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4
Q

Water soluble- Group II

A

Receptors are seen on the plasma membrane of target cells
Example- Protein hormones

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5
Q

Protein hormone- Mechanism

A
  • Protein hormone binds to receptor on the target cell
  • Conformational change occurs in receptor
  • Activated H-R complex stimulates G-protein
  • G protein stimulates membrane bound enzyme adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP—-> cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • cAMP stimulates protein kinase
  • Protein kinase stimulates specific enzymes present in the target cell to perform specific metabolic activities
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6
Q

What conversion is catalysed by adenylate cyclase?

A

ATP —> cAMP

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7
Q

What does cAMP stimulate?

A

Protein kinase

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8
Q

What does protein kinase stimulate?

A

Protein kinase stimulates specific enzymes present in the target cell to perform specific metabolic activities

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9
Q

Steroid hormones- mechanism

A
  • Steroid hormones are lipid soluble so they can easily diffuse through cell membranes
  • Selective binding to receptors in cytoplasm
  • H-R complex binds to specific genes and activates/inhibits them.
  • Gene transcription is altered. Protein synthesis is altered. It stimulates or inhibits the enzymes that performs specific metabolic activities.
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10
Q

Hypothalamus- location

A

Lies on the undersurface of the brain between the thalamus and the pituitary gland

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11
Q

CRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary. ACTH then stimulates adrenocorticosteroid hormones from adrenal cortex.

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12
Q

TRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Thryrotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary.

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13
Q

GnRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from anterior pituitary

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14
Q

PRLH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

GRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Growth releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of growth hormones from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

Pituitary gland- location

A

It is located at the base of the hypothalamus and is connected by a stalk called infundibulum

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17
Q

How many hormones do the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland release respectively?

A

Anterior lobe- 6 hormones
Posterior lobe- 2 hormones

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18
Q

Name the hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  1. TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. ACTH- Adrenocorticopic hormone
  3. Gonadotropins
  4. PRL- Prolactin
  5. Lipotropins
  6. Growth hormone
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19
Q

TSH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

It is released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates thyroid gland and helps secretion of thyroxine

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20
Q

ACTH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates growth of adrenal gland and helps secretion of hormones of adrenal gland

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21
Q

Gonadotropins: what gland is it released by + effect

A

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates gonadial activities and helps secretion of LH and FSH

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22
Q

PRL- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Helps in maintaining pregnancy, enlargement of breasts during pregnancy to facilitate lactation

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23
Q

Lipotropins: what gland is it released by + effect

A

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates release of fatty acids from stored body fat

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24
Q

GH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Growth hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates body growth and metabolism

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25
Q

Name the hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH- Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
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26
Q

Oxytocin: what gland is it released by + effect

A

Released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect:
1. Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus to facilitate childbirth
2. Causes milk ejection after childbirth

27
Q

ADH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

Released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates tubuar reabsorption in the kidneys

28
Q

Pineal gland: Location

A

It is situated on the dorsal side of the midbrain

29
Q

Pineal gland: Secretion

A

It secretes a peptide hormone called melatonin

30
Q

Pineal gland: Function

A

It regulates the sleep-wake cycle (Diurnal rhythm)

31
Q

Thymus: Location

A

Bilobed gland situated below the thyroid and between the lungs

32
Q

Thymus: Secretion

A

It secretes a peptide hormone called thymosin

33
Q

Thymus: Function

A

It helps in differentiation of T-lymphocytes that provide cell-mediated immunity

34
Q

Thyroid gland: Location

A
  • Bilobed gland situated on either side of the trachea
  • The lobes are connected by a connective tissue bridge called Isthmus
35
Q

Thyroid gland: Secretion

A
  • Thyroid gland is composed of closed follicle cells that continuously absorb iodine from the blood.
  • Iodine combines with the amino acid Tyrosine to form thyroid hormones
  • The chief thyroid hormone is called thyroxine
36
Q

Thyroid gland: Function

A
  1. It regulates growth and development of the body
  2. It controls Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
  3. In mammals, it increases oxygen consumption and heart rate
37
Q

Parathyroid gland: Location

A

They are small, paired, oval shaped glands seen partly or completely embedded in the thyroid, which is situated on either side of the trachea.

38
Q

Parathyroid gland: Secretion

A

Parathyroid glands secrete the hormone
Parathormone or Collip’s hormone

39
Q

Parathyroid gland: Function

A
  1. It regulates the calcium and phosphate ions in the blood and bones
  2. It increases phosphate elimination in the urine
  3. It increases calcium reabsorption from renal tubules
40
Q

Pancreas: Location

A

It is situated in the loop of the duodenum just below the stomach

41
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans? + their secretions

A
  1. Alpha cells secrete the peptide hormone glucagon
  2. Beta cells secrete the peptide hormone insulin
  3. Delta cells secrete the hormone somatostatin
42
Q

Glucagon: function

A
  • Peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas
  • It increases the blood glucose level by accelerating the conversion of glycogen (stored in the cells) to glucose
43
Q

Insulin: function

A
  • Secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
  • It decreases the blood glucose level by accelerating the transport of glucose into the cells where they get converted to glycogen
44
Q

Somatostatin: Function

A
  • Secreted by the delta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas
  • It regulates the hormone secretion from alpha and beta cells
45
Q

Adrenal/Suprarenal gland: Location

A
  • It is situated on top of each kidney
  • The adrenal gland like the kidney is differentiated into two main regions- outer cortex and inner medulla.
46
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Two steroid hormones:
1. Glucocorticoids- Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone
2. Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone and Deoxycorticosterone

47
Q

Glucocorticoids- secreted by which gland + function

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland
Cortisols, Cortisone, Corticosterone

Function:
1. Regulates protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism
2. It has strong anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties
3. Prepare the body to cope with long term stress issues

48
Q

Mineralocorticoids- secreted by which gland+function

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland

Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone

Function:
1. Maintains water and electrolyte balance in the body
2. Helps in the reabsorption of sodium and potassium in the body

49
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A
  1. Adrenaline/Epinephrine
  2. Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
50
Q

Adrenaline/Epinephrine- which gland + function

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal/suprarenal gland

Functions:
* Emergency hormone (Fear-Fight-Flight hormone)
* Vasodilation
* Bronchodilation
* Increased blood flow
* Energy production
* Mental alertness

51
Q

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine- which gland + function

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland

Functions:
* Vasoconstriction
* Normal blood circulation in the body

52
Q

What are the sex glands?

A

Testes: males
Ovaries: females

53
Q

Testes: Functions

A
  • Sex gland
  • Produce the male hormones testosterone and androsterone
  • Development of male reproductive organs
  • Development of sexual characteristics
  • Spermatogenesis
54
Q

Ovaries: Functions

A
  • Sex gland
  • Produce the female hormones- estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin
  • Development of female reproductive organs
  • Regulation of menstrual cycle
  • Maintaining pregnancy and development of sexual characteristics
55
Q

Dwarfism: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Deficiency of growth hormone

Symptoms:
* Short stature
* Average adult height is 4ft or less

56
Q

Acromegaly: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Symptoms:
Bones of the hands, feet and face increase in size

57
Q

Cretinism: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Congenital hypothyroidism

Symptoms:
* Stunted growth
* Physical deformities
* Impaired neurological function

58
Q

Simple goitre: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Dietary iodine deficiency leads to high concentration of TSH

Symptoms:
* Enlarged thyroid gland
* Difficulty in swallowing and breathing

59
Q

Exophthalmic goitre: Cause + Symptoms

A

Grave’s disease

Cause: Excess secretion of thyroid hormone

Symptoms:
* Swelling of gland
* Bulging of eyeballs

60
Q

Myxedema: Cause + Symptoms

A

Gull’s disease

Cause: Deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults

Symptoms:
* Puffy appearance
* Low mental activity
* Excessive feeling of cold
* Bradycardia

61
Q

Diabetes mellitus: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Insufficient production of insulin

Symptoms:
* Increased thirst
* Frequent urination

62
Q

Diabetes insipidus: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Lack of ADH/vasopressin

Symptoms:
* Increased thirst
* Frequent urination (large volumes of colourless urine)

63
Q

Addison’s disease: Cause + Symptoms

A

Cause: Deficiency of cortisol or aldosterone

Symptoms:
* Extreme fatigue
* Hypoglycemia // Low blood sugar

Biology (class 11) (14 decks)

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