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Biology (class 11) > Chemical Coordination and Integration > Flashcards

Chemical Coordination and Integration Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System- Characteristics

A
  • Glands lack ducts (Ductless glands)
  • Glands release hormones into the blood directly
  • Hormones are released in small quantities
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2
Q

What are the two groups of endocrine glands?

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble

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3
Q

Lipid soluble- Group I

A

Receptors are seen on the cytoplasm of the target cells
Example: Steroid hormones

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4
Q

Water soluble- Group II

A

Receptors are seen on the plasma membrane of target cells
Example- Protein hormones

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5
Q

Protein hormone- Mechanism

A
  • Protein hormone binds to receptor on the target cell
  • Conformational change occurs in receptor
  • Activated H-R complex stimulates G-protein
  • G protein stimulates membrane bound enzyme adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP—-> cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • cAMP stimulates protein kinase
  • Protein kinase stimulates specific enzymes present in the target cell to perform specific metabolic activities
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6
Q

What conversion is catalysed by adenylate cyclase?

A

ATP —> cAMP

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7
Q

What does cAMP stimulate?

A

Protein kinase

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8
Q

What does protein kinase stimulate?

A

Protein kinase stimulates specific enzymes present in the target cell to perform specific metabolic activities

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9
Q

Steroid hormones- mechanism

A
  • Steroid hormones are lipid soluble so they can easily diffuse through cell membranes
  • Selective binding to receptors in cytoplasm
  • H-R complex binds to specific genes and activates/inhibits them.
  • Gene transcription is altered. Protein synthesis is altered. It stimulates or inhibits the enzymes that performs specific metabolic activities.
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10
Q

Hypothalamus- location

A

Lies on the undersurface of the brain between the thalamus and the pituitary gland

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11
Q

CRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary. ACTH then stimulates adrenocorticosteroid hormones from adrenal cortex.

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12
Q

TRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Thryrotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary.

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13
Q

GnRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from anterior pituitary

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14
Q

PRLH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

GRH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Growth releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus

Effect: Stimulates the release of growth hormones from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

Pituitary gland- location

A

It is located at the base of the hypothalamus and is connected by a stalk called infundibulum

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17
Q

How many hormones do the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland release respectively?

A

Anterior lobe- 6 hormones
Posterior lobe- 2 hormones

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18
Q

Name the hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  1. TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. ACTH- Adrenocorticopic hormone
  3. Gonadotropins
  4. PRL- Prolactin
  5. Lipotropins
  6. Growth hormone
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19
Q

TSH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

It is released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates thyroid gland and helps secretion of thyroxine

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20
Q

ACTH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates growth of adrenal gland and helps secretion of hormones of adrenal gland

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21
Q

Gonadotropins: what gland is it released by + effect

A

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates gonadial activities and helps secretion of LH and FSH

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22
Q

PRL- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Helps in maintaining pregnancy, enlargement of breasts during pregnancy to facilitate lactation

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23
Q

Lipotropins: what gland is it released by + effect

A

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates release of fatty acids from stored body fat

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24
Q

GH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect

A

Growth hormone

Released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Effect: Stimulates body growth and metabolism

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25
Name the hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
1. Oxytocin 2. ADH- Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
26
Oxytocin: what gland is it released by + effect
Released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland Effect: 1. Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus to facilitate childbirth 2. Causes milk ejection after childbirth
27
ADH- full form+ what gland is it released by + effect
Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin Released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland Effect: Stimulates tubuar reabsorption in the kidneys
28
Pineal gland: Location
It is situated on the dorsal side of the midbrain
29
Pineal gland: Secretion
It secretes a peptide hormone called melatonin
30
Pineal gland: Function
It regulates the sleep-wake cycle (Diurnal rhythm)
31
Thymus: Location
Bilobed gland situated below the thyroid and between the lungs
32
Thymus: Secretion
It secretes a peptide hormone called thymosin
33
Thymus: Function
It helps in differentiation of T-lymphocytes that provide cell-mediated immunity
34
Thyroid gland: Location
* Bilobed gland situated on either side of the trachea * The lobes are connected by a connective tissue bridge called Isthmus
35
Thyroid gland: Secretion
* Thyroid gland is composed of closed follicle cells that continuously absorb iodine from the blood. * Iodine combines with the amino acid Tyrosine to form thyroid hormones * The chief thyroid hormone is called thyroxine
36
Thyroid gland: Function
1. It regulates growth and development of the body 2. It controls Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 3. In mammals, it increases oxygen consumption and heart rate
37
Parathyroid gland: Location
They are small, paired, oval shaped glands seen partly or completely embedded in the thyroid, which is situated on either side of the trachea.
38
Parathyroid gland: Secretion
Parathyroid glands secrete the hormone Parathormone or Collip's hormone
39
Parathyroid gland: Function
1. It regulates the calcium and phosphate ions in the blood and bones 2. It increases phosphate elimination in the urine 3. It increases calcium reabsorption from renal tubules
40
Pancreas: Location
It is situated in the loop of the duodenum just below the stomach
41
What are the 3 types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans? + their secretions
1. Alpha cells secrete the peptide hormone glucagon 2. Beta cells secrete the peptide hormone insulin 3. Delta cells secrete the hormone somatostatin
42
Glucagon: function
* Peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas * It increases the blood glucose level by accelerating the conversion of glycogen (stored in the cells) to glucose
43
Insulin: function
* Secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas * It decreases the blood glucose level by accelerating the transport of glucose into the cells where they get converted to glycogen
44
Somatostatin: Function
* Secreted by the delta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas * It regulates the hormone secretion from alpha and beta cells
45
Adrenal/Suprarenal gland: Location
* It is situated on top of each kidney * The adrenal gland like the kidney is differentiated into two main regions- outer cortex and inner medulla.
46
Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
Two steroid hormones: 1. Glucocorticoids- Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone 2. Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone and Deoxycorticosterone
47
Glucocorticoids- secreted by which gland + function
Secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland Cortisols, Cortisone, Corticosterone Function: 1. Regulates protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism 2. It has strong anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties 3. Prepare the body to cope with long term stress issues
48
Mineralocorticoids- secreted by which gland+function
Secreted by adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone Function: 1. Maintains water and electrolyte balance in the body 2. Helps in the reabsorption of sodium and potassium in the body
49
What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?
1. Adrenaline/Epinephrine 2. Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
50
Adrenaline/Epinephrine- which gland + function
Secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal/suprarenal gland Functions: * Emergency hormone (Fear-Fight-Flight hormone) * Vasodilation * Bronchodilation * Increased blood flow * Energy production * Mental alertness
51
Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine- which gland + function
Secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland/suprarenal gland Functions: * Vasoconstriction * Normal blood circulation in the body
52
What are the sex glands?
Testes: males Ovaries: females
53
Testes: Functions
* Sex gland * Produce the male hormones testosterone and androsterone * Development of male reproductive organs * Development of sexual characteristics * Spermatogenesis
54
Ovaries: Functions
* Sex gland * Produce the female hormones- estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin * Development of female reproductive organs * Regulation of menstrual cycle * Maintaining pregnancy and development of sexual characteristics
55
Dwarfism: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Deficiency of growth hormone Symptoms: * Short stature * Average adult height is 4ft or less
56
Acromegaly: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Hypersecretion of growth hormone Symptoms: Bones of the hands, feet and face increase in size
57
Cretinism: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Congenital hypothyroidism Symptoms: * Stunted growth * Physical deformities * Impaired neurological function
58
Simple goitre: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Dietary iodine deficiency leads to high concentration of TSH Symptoms: * Enlarged thyroid gland * Difficulty in swallowing and breathing
59
Exophthalmic goitre: Cause + Symptoms
Grave's disease Cause: Excess secretion of thyroid hormone Symptoms: * Swelling of gland * Bulging of eyeballs
60
Myxedema: Cause + Symptoms
Gull's disease Cause: Deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults Symptoms: * Puffy appearance * Low mental activity * Excessive feeling of cold * Bradycardia
61
Diabetes mellitus: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Insufficient production of insulin Symptoms: * Increased thirst * Frequent urination
62
Diabetes insipidus: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Lack of ADH/vasopressin Symptoms: * Increased thirst * Frequent urination (large volumes of colourless urine)
63
Addison's disease: Cause + Symptoms
Cause: Deficiency of cortisol or aldosterone Symptoms: * Extreme fatigue * Hypoglycemia // Low blood sugar

Biology (class 11) (14 decks)

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