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Biology (class 11) > Body Fluids and Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

From where to where do arteries transport blood? What type of blood do they transport?

A
  • From the heart to the rest of the body
  • Carry mostly oxygenated blood
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2
Q

From where to where do veins transport blood? What type of blood do they transport?

A
  • From the rest of the body to the heart
  • Carry mostly deoxygenated blood
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3
Q

From where to where do capillaries transport blood? What type of blood do they transport?

A
  • Capillaries connect arteries and veins
  • They carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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4
Q

Are the walls of arteries thick + why?

A

Arteries have thicker walls and blood flows through them with higher pressure

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5
Q

Are the walls of veins thick + why?

A

Veins have thinner walls and blood flows through them with low pressure

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6
Q

Are the walls of capillaries thick + why?

A

Capillaries have walls only one cell thick for diffusion

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7
Q

Arteries, veins, capillaries- valves?

A

Arteries- no valves
Veins- Have valves
Capillaries- no valves

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8
Q

Speed of blood in arteries and veins

A

Arteries- blood speed fast
Veins- blood speed slow

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9
Q

Tricuspid valve- location + allows blood to flow from

A

location: right atrioventricular septum

allows blood to flow from: right atrium to right ventricle

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10
Q

Bicuspid valve/mitral valve- location + allows blood to flow from

A

location: left atrioventricular septum

allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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11
Q

Pulmonary valve- location + allows blood to flow from

A

location: at the origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

allows blood to flow from right ventricle into the pulmonary artery

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12
Q

Systemic valves/Aortic valves- location + allows blood to flow from

A

location: at the origin of the systemic aorta

allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the systemic aorta

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13
Q

Duration of one cardiac cycle

A

0.8 second

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14
Q

Contraction of heart chambers

A

Systole

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15
Q

Relaxation of heart chambers

A

Diastole

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16
Q

Atrial systole

A
  • Duration- 0.1 sec
  • Deoxygenated blood (low pressure) enters right atrium
  • Oxygenated blood enters left atrium
  • Contraction of atria
  • Blood flows into ventricles
  • Atria act as a pump to collect and force blood into the ventricles
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17
Q

Atrial diastole

A

The atrium relapses

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18
Q

Ventricular systole

A
  • Duration- 0.3 sec
  • Ventricles contract
  • Atrioventricular valves close (causing LUB sound)
  • Ventricular pressure rises and exceeds blood pressure in the aorta and the pulmonary artery
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves open
  • Blood drained out from the ventricles into the vessels
  • At the end of ventricular systole, ventricular diastole begins
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19
Q

Ventricular diastole

A
  • Pressure falls in the ventricles
  • High pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery forces a small amount of blood towards the ventricles, thus closing the semi-lunar valves (causing DUP sound)
  • Atria and ventricles continue joint diastole (Cardiac diastole - 0.4 second)
20
Q

How is systolic pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer?

A
  • Air is pumped into the cuff until the pressure is sufficient to stop the flow of blood in the branchial artery. No sound is heard.
  • The doctor then slowly releases air until he hears the first pulse.
  • Pressure of air in the cuff is slightly lesser than the pressure of the blood in the branchial artery. (>120 mm Hg)
  • The reading that is noted is the systolic pressure
21
Q

How is diastolic pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer?

A
  • The doctor releases a little more air after measuring the systolic pressure, stopping at the point when no more sound is heard (<80 mm Hg)
  • The reading is noted
  • This is the diastolic pressure
22
Q

Heart rate

A

Heart rate is the rate at which the cardiac muscles contract and relax rhythmically. Thus, the heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is normally 70-75 per minute.

23
Q

Pulse

A

Pulse is a wave felt along the wall of an artery due to the contraction of the left venticle. Pulse is the heart rate i.e. the number of times the heart beats per minute.
Normal pulse rate is 60-100 beats per minute

24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A
  • Measure of blood volume ejected from the heart over a given time
  • It maintians blood flow throughout the body
  • Determined by multiplying heart rate by stoke volume (CO= SV * HR)
  • 5.25 L/min
25
Q

What is heart rate?

formula + value

A

Heart rate: Number of beats/ min
75 beats/min

26
Q

Stroke volume

Definition + value

A

Amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during one heartbeat

70 mL/beat

27
Q

ECG

full form + definition

A

ECG (Electrocardiogram) is a graphical representation of the electrical activities of the heart during a cardiac cycle

28
Q

P-Wave

A

Depolarisation of atria in response to sinoatrial (SA) node triggering

little bump at the start

29
Q

PR Interval

A

Delay of AV (atrioventricular) node to allow filling of ventricles

little flat thing after P wave

30
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles, triggers main pumping contractions

tall mountain part

31
Q

ST Segment

A

Beginning of ventricle repolarization, should be flat

flat part after QRS complex

32
Q

T-Wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

little bump at the end

33
Q

Composition of blood

A
  • Plasma- 55%
  • Formed elements- 45%
34
Q

Composition of plasma

A
  • Proteins- 7% (Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin- blood coagulation)
  • Water- 91%
  • Other solutes- 2% ( Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances)
35
Q

Composition of formed elements of blood

A
  • Platelets <1%
  • Leukocytes (WBCs) <1%
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) >99%
36
Q

Leukocytes: classification

A

Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes- 20-25%
Monocytes- 3-8%

Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 60-70%
Eosinophils- 2-4%
Basophils- 0.5-1%

37
Q

Blood coagulation: process

A
  • At injury site, the tissues release platelets and clotting factor prothrombin activator (Thrombokinase) and calcium ions
  • Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  • Fibrins form mesh like structure in which red blood cells get trapped
  • Clot is formed and bleeding stops
38
Q

Hypertension

A
  • Disorder of the circulatory system
  • High blood pressure above the normal 120/80 mm/Hg
39
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

Mention coronary heart disease

A
  • Disorder of the circulatory system
  • The coronary arteries become narrow, reducing the blood flow to the heart
  • This results in Coronary Heart Disease, a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged because of an inadequate supply of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply.
40
Q

Angina pectoris
Symptoms, definition

A

Definition: Attacks of choking or throttling pain across the upper part of the chest due to reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries which supply heart muscles is known as angina pectoris.

Symptoms
* Chest pain (angina)
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath
* Cold sweats

41
Q

Cardiac arrest/Heart failure
Cause and symptoms

A

Heart is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body
Cause: Usually triggered by a problem with the heart’s electrical impulses

Symptoms:
* Loss of consciousness
* No pulse or breathing

42
Q

Myogenic heart

A
  • In myogenic heart, the cardiac movement is initiated rhythmically by cardiac muscles themselves.
  • Acetylcholine inhibits the heart beat.
  • This type of heart is found in molluscs and vertebrates
43
Q

Who was the pacemaker first used by?

A

Chardack

44
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A tiny computerised electrical device that is implanted in the patient’s body to regulate heart beat.
Electrodes from it are usually connected to the right ventricle.

45
Q

Neurogenic heart

A
  • Cardiac movement is initiated by nerves arising from the brain
  • Heart of all invertebrates except molluscs

Biology (class 11) (14 decks)

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