Locomotion and Movement 1 Flashcards
what is locomotion
Moving away from the original position of an organism is locomotion.
It is always voluntary.
Locomotion takes place at the organism level.
there is the action of appendages such as limbs, wings, and flagella.
Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitats
and the demand of the situation. However, locomotion is generally for
search of food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable
climatic conditions or to escape from enemies/predators.
what is movement
Movement is generally defined as a state of changing the position from rest to motion or vice-versa. Movement can be both voluntary and involuntary. Movement helps an organism to perform necessary functions, such as pumping of blood to the different parts of the body, and etc.
For example, walking is a voluntary movement, while breathing is an involuntary movement.
how are locomotory and movement appendages the same
Locomotory
structures need not be different from those affecting other types of
movements. For example, in Paramoecium, cilia helps in the movement of
food through cytopharynx and in locomotion as well. Hydra can use its
tentacles for capturing its prey and also use them for locomotion. We use
limbs for changes in body postures and locomotion as well. The above
observations suggest that movements and locomotion cannot be studied
separately. The two may be linked by stating that all locomotions are
movements but all movements are not locomotions
what are the types of movement
i) Amoeboid
ii) Ciliary movement
iii) Muscular movement
what is amoeboid movement
Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes
in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed
by the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements
like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement.
what is ciliary movement
Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which
are lined by ciliated epithelium. The coordinated movements of cilia in
the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign
substances inhaled alongwith the atmospheric air. Passage of ova through
the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ciliary movement.
what is muscular movement
Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, require muscular movement.
The contractile property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion
and other movements by human beings and majority of multicellular
organisms. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular,
skeletal and neural systems.
what is flagellar movement
Flagellar movement helps in the swimming of
spermatozoa, maintenance of water current in the canal system of sponges
and in locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena
describe some general features of muscle
Muscle is a specialised
tissue of mesodermal origin. About 40-50 per cent of the body
weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles.There are about 650 muscles in the human body. They have
special properties like excitability, contractility, extensibility and
elasticity.[ CEEE]
Muscles have been classified using different criteria,
namely location, appearance and nature of regulation of their
activities. Based on their location, three types of muscles are
identified : (i) Skeletal (ii) Visceral and (iii) Cardiac.
what are skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components
of the body. They have a striped appearance under the microscope and
hence are called striated muscles. As their activities are under the
voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as voluntary
muscles too. They are primarily involved in locomotory actions and
changes of body postures.
They are cylindrical and multinucleate condition
what are smooth muscle
Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs
of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc. They do not
exhibit any striation and are smooth in appearance. Hence, they are called
smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle). Their activities are not under the
voluntary control of the nervous system and are therefore known as
involuntary muscles. They assist, for example, in the transportation of food
through the digestive tract and gametes through the genital tract.
they are spindle shaped
what are cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of heart.
Many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a branching pattern to form a
cardiac muscle. Based on appearance, cardiac muscles are striated.( a little faint compared to skeletal) They
are involuntary in nature as the nervous system does not control their
activities directly.
what are skeletal muscles made up of
skeletal muscles are made up of many bundles of muscle fibres called as muscle bundles or fascicles. Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer called Perimysium
All the fascicles are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called fascia.
fascia is covered externally by epimysium
Each
muscle bundle contains a number of muscle fibres
what does each muscle fibre contain
Each muscle fibre is lined by the plasma membrane called sarcolemma
enclosing the sarcoplasm. Muscle fibre is a syncitium as the sarcoplasm
contains many nuclei. The endoplasmic reticulum, i.e., sarcoplasmic
reticulum of the muscle fibres is the store house of calcium ions.
what are myofibrils/myofilaments
A
characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number
of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called myofilaments or
myofibrils. Each myofibril has alternate dark and light bands on it. A
detailed study of the myofibril has established that the striated appearance
is due to the distribution pattern of two important proteins – Actin and
Myosin. T
