Biomolecules Flashcards
how to do chemical analysis using acid soluble method
take a piece of leaf/liver
put it in a mortar and pestle, add trichloroacetic acid
crush until it becomes a thick slurry
filter the remaining material using cheese cotton cloth
what do we observe after filtration
One is called the filtrate or more technically, the acid-soluble
pool, and the second, the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction. Scientists
have found thousands of organic compounds in the acid-soluble pool.
what are the molecules present in acid soluble and insolubel fraction
in the soluble fraction, there are micromolecules ie molecular weight less than 18-800 daltons. It includes, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides.(biomolecules).
in the insoluble fraction, there are macromolecules;molecular weight more than 10 000 daltons. It includes poly saccharides, proteins, nucleic acid(biomacromolecules). These are polymeric except lipids
what about lipid
Lipids are present in the acid insoluble fraction even though theyhave molecular weight less thn 800 daltons. The lipids are present as such as well as arraneged into structures like the cell membrane and other membrane. when we grind the tissue, we are breaking down the cell strructure. There the lcell membrane and other membranes get ruptured. The lipid consitituent of the membranes form vesicles whcih are water insoluble. There for the lipid membrane fragements are seprated into the acid insoluble fraction hence, macromolecular fraction.
lipids are not strciclty macromolecular
what is ash analysis
-take a fresh piece of leaf/liver and take the fresh weight.
- dry it so that all water evaporates and take the dry weight
- upon burning, the carbon compounds gets oxidised and turn into carbon dioxide and water vapour.
-the left behind ash is composed of calcium and magnesium phosphates and sulphates.
- these inorganic constituents are also present in acid-soluble fraction.
what are proteins
proteins are heteropolymers of amino acids.
There are approximately 300 amino acids known to exist but only 20 types of amino acids
are used in formation of proteins
what are amino acids
Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and
an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon
what does a typical amino acid consist of
an alpha-carbon is connected to a carboxyl group, amine acid and hydrogen and a R side chain which is variable.The R group in these proteinaceous amino acids could be a hydrogen
(the amino acid is called glycine), a methyl group (alanine), hydroxy methyl
(serine), etc.
why are amino acids substitueted methanes
because the alpha carbon has four valencie which is satisfied by carboxyl, amine, hydrogen and R side chain.
what are types of amino acids + examples
The chemical and physical properties of amino acids are essentially
of the amino, carboxyl and the R functional groups.
1) Neutral
Consists of only 1 amino acids and 1 carboxyl group
Glycine, valine
2) Basic
Basic amino acids consists of 1 carboxyl group and more than 1 amino acids. It is positively charged.
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine
3) Acidic
acidic amino acids consist of 1 amino group and more than 1 carboxyl groups.
It is -vely charged.
Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid
what are aromatic cpds
aromatic amino acids consists of a cyclic ring in their side chain and emit a pleasant smell rn. Ex: Tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan
what is zwitter ion means
zwitter ion literally means hermaphrodite.
at neutral pH, amino acids exist in an izwitter ion form inclusding the ionic form of amino grp and carboxyl grp.
This is possible due to the ionisable property of amino and carboxyl grp.
Hence
in solutions of different pH, the structure of amino acids changes.
The chemical and physical properties of amino acids are essentially
of the amino, carboxyl and the R functional groups.
what do the acid soluble and insolubel pool consists in terms of cell structure
The acid soluble pool represents roughly the
cytoplasmic composition. The macromolecules from
cytoplasm and organelles become the acid insoluble
fraction. Together they represent the entire chemical
composition of living tissues or organisms.
important consitituents of living organsims
-water
-protein
-nucleic acid
-carbohydrate
-lipids
-ions
water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.
