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Pharamcology > Local Anesthetics > Flashcards

Local Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

To increase the effects of local anaesthetics which drugs are administered? 

A

Vasoconstrictors usually alpha agonist sympathomimetic

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2
Q

Which Anaesthetic drug causes vasoconstriction on its own

A

Cocaine because it inhibits norepinephrine reuptake

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3
Q

dysfunction of what causes an increase in elimination half-life of amide local anaesthetic?

A

Liver dysfunction

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics

A

Block voltage dependent sodium channels and preventing depolarization of the membrane

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5
Q

What ion concentrations enhance local anaesthetic activity

A

Increased extracellular K+
Decreased extracellular Ca+2


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6
Q

What kind of pH increases penetrability Of local anaesthetics 

A

Alkaline pH

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7
Q

What are the factors that increase the action of local anaesthetics (5)

A
  1. Alkaline pH
  2. myelinated fibres
  3. diameter of nerve fibre (smaller is blocked quicker)
  4. sensory fibre
  5. Location (fibres in the periphery blocked quicker)
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8
Q

Which drug has the fastest onset of action

A

Articaine

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9
Q

What are the drug toxicity of cocaine drug abuse

A

Cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

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10
Q

Name the metabolite that prilocaine Is metabolize to that’s capable of converting haemoglobin to Methemohlobin

A

O- toluidine

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11
Q

Which Type of local anaesthetic Is able to cause antibody formation

A

Ester type local anaesthetics

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12
Q

What are the toxicity of local anaesthetics / ADVERSE EFFECTS

A
  1. CNS effects such as sedation, restlessness, nystagmus, tonic clonic conversions.
  2. Cardiovascular effects such as Hypotension and arrhythmias
  3. Local Neurotoxic action
  4. Allergic reactions
  5. Mucosal irritation
  6. Methemaiglobanaemia
  7. Others 
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13
Q

Name local anaesthetic drugs in the sub class amides 

A
  1. Articaine
  2. bupivacaine
  3. levobupivacaine
  4. lidocaine
  5. mepivacaine
  6. Prilocaine
  7. ropivacaine
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14
Q

Name Local anaesthetic drugs That belong in the sub class esters

A
  1. Benzocaine
  2. cocaine
  3. procaine
  4. tetracaine
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15
Q

What are the factors AFEECTING local anaesthetic action (5)

A
  1. PKa
  2. Degree of plasma protein binding
  3. rate of diffusion
  4. lipid Solubility
  5. presence of vasoconstrictor
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16
Q

What is the relationship between lipid Solubility and onset of action

A

Direct. The higher the solubility the more potency of the drug

17
Q

What is the significance of the presence of vasoconstrictor

A
  1. Prolongs the duration of action of local anaesthetic
  2. Decreases bleeding
  3. Slow absorption and therefore reduces systemic toxicity
18
Q

What are the disadvantages of using vasoconstrictor with local anaesthetic

A
  1. Vasospasm and ischaemia
  2. Adrenaline can cause systemic toxicity
  3. Delay in wound healing
19
Q

Which drug is more cardio toxic

A

Bupivacaine

20
Q

Esther linked local anaesthetics are metabolized by which enzyme

A

Plasma cholinesterase

21
Q

Which organ metabolizes amide linked drugs

A

Liver

22
Q

Which drugs are capable of causing methaemoglobinaemia

A

Articaine and prilocaine

23
Q

Which drug at low concentrations Can be used for epidural analgesia during labour

A

Bupivacaine

24
Q

Which drug is used to Anesthetize gastric mucosa and relief in gastritis

A

Oxethazaine

25
Q

Which drugs are used for spinal anaesthesia

A

Lignocaine
tetracaine
bupivacaine 

26
Q

What is the drug interaction between lignocaine and propranolol

A

Propranolol reduces hepatic blood flow and impairs clearance of lignocaine leading to toxicity

27
Q

Explain the drug interaction between procaine and sulphonamides

A

Procaine is hydrolyzed into PABA And this reduces the effect of sulphonamides

Pharamcology (15 decks)

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