LO5 Flashcards
1
Q
How much of the human weight comes from bone tissue?
A
18%
2
Q
What are the 6 functions of bones?
A
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral Homeostasis
5) Site of blood cell production
6) Storage of energy
3
Q
Functions of Bones:
Support
A
Bone supports soft tissue, and is the point of attachment for muscles
4
Q
Functions of Bones:
Protection
A
Bones protect internal organs from injury
ex. skull protects the brain, vertebrae protects spinal cord
5
Q
Functions of Bones:
Movement
A
Muscles pull on bones to produce movement
6
Q
Functions of Bones:
Mineral homeostasis
A
Storage of calcium and phosphorus
- both crucial in muscle contraction and nerve activity
7
Q
Functions of Bones:
Site of blood cell production
A
Red marrow produces blood cells
- RBC, WBC, and platelets (hemopoiesis)
8
Q
Functions of Bones:
Storage of energy
A
Yellow marrow stores lipids (adipose cells), which are an important energy reserve
9
Q
Define: Compact Bone
A
- Dense bone
- Forms external layer of all bones (&bulk of long bones)
- Provides protection and support
- Solid but smooth
10
Q
Define: Spongy Bone
A
- Spongy refers to the bones appearance
- Irregular lattice of thin plates called trabeculae
- Found in: Short, flat, irregular-shaped bones (hipbones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull)
11
Q
Define: Long Bones
A
Length is greater than its width
- ex. Femur, Phalanges
12
Q
Define: Short Bones
A
Irregular-shaped bones approximately equal in width, length and thickness
- ex. Carpals, Tarsals
13
Q
Define: Flat Bones
A
Very thin and often curved bones
- ex. Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae, Skull Bones
14
Q
Define: Irregular Bones
A
Bones that do not fit in any other category
- ex. Vertebrae, Hipbones, Bones of the face
15
Q
Define: Sesamoid Bones
A
Small bones found within a tendon
- Protect against wear and tear
- ex. Patellae
16
Q
Bone Structure:
Diaphysis
A
The shaft of long portion of the bone
17
Q
Bone Structure:
Epiphyses/ Epiphysis
A
The ends of the long bones
- often contains red marrow
- *DISTAL end of bone!!**
18
Q
Bone Structure:
Articular Cartilage
A
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint with another bone
19
Q
Bone Structure:
Metaphysis
A
Where the diaphysis and epiphyses join
- Region that includes the epiphyseal plate in growing bone
20
Q
Bone Structure:
Medullary Cavity
A
The space within the diaphysis
- Contains fatty yellow marrow
21
Q
Bone Structure:
Periosteum
A
Membrane on the surface of the bone
- Region where bones grow in diameter and repair themselves
22
Q
Bone Structure:
Endosteum
A
Lining of the medullary cavity that contains bone precursor cells (osteoprogenitor cells) and osteoclasts
23
Q
Bone Structure: Nutrient Canals (Nutrient foramina)
A
Area where arteries that supply the marrow and spongy bone enter through the compact bone
- Nutrient artery
24
Q
Define: Hematopoietic Tissue
A
Blood cells are formed in the red marrow of bone
- At birth, we have red marrow, by adolescence it is replaced with fatty yellow marrow.
- - In an adult, red marrow is only found in the proximal epiphyses of long bones, also in the vertebrae, sternum, iliac crest, ribs, and cranium*
25
Microscopic bone structure:
| Osteoblasts
Bone building cells
- Secrete the materials necessary to form new bone
- Found in the periosteum and epiphyseal plate region
26
Microscopic bone structure:
| Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
| - No capability for growth or repair
27
Microscopic bone structure:
| Osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells
- Found on bone surfaces
- Important in development, growth, maintenance and repair of bone tissue
28
Microscopic bone structure:
| Osteon (Haversian System)
Cylinder of calcified bone found in compact bone
| - Central canal, Lamellae, Lacunae, Osteocytes and Canaliculi are all forms of an osteon
29
Microscopic bone structure:
| Concentric Lamellae
The concentric layers that make up the cylinders
| - Arranged like wider and wider drinking straws
30
Microscopic bone structure:
| Central (Haversian) Canal
Central Canals that run longitudinally through the osteon and contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
31
Microscopic bone structure:
| Perforating (Volkmann's) Canals
Branches that are at right angles to the central canals
| - They extend vessels and nerves outward to the periosteum and inward to the endosteum
32
Microscopic bone structure:
| Lacunae
Tiny spaces between the lamellae that contain osteocytes
33
Microscopic bone structure:
| Canaliculi
Tiny channels radiating from each lacunae through which nutrients and waste are exchanged
34
Microscopic bone structure:
| Interstitial Lamellae
Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed in the bone replacement process
- Found between osteons
35
Define: Spongy Bones
Contains lamellae that are arranged in an irregular lattice pattern of thin plates called trabeculae. Osteocytes in the trabeculae receive their nourishment from the blood circulating in the marrow
- Also called trabecular or cancellous bone
36
Define: Extracellular Matrix
- Collagen fibres make up 30% of the framework
- 15% water
- Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
- Inorganic salts : calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form hydroxyapatite crystals
* These crystals are deposited in the collagen matrix where they crystallize and harden
37
Define: Osteogenesis
The formation of bone tissue
38
In which two ways can bones develop?
1) Intramembranous ossification
| 2) Endochondral ossification (replacement of cartilage by bone)
39
Define: Growth Hormone
Released from the anterior pituitary gland
| - It stimulates the liver to release growth factors that stimulate epiphyseal plate activity
40
Define: T3 and T4
Regulate the activity of growth hormone to ensure that the skeleton grows proportionately
- Thyroid hormone
41
Define: Testosterone and Estrogen
Promote the adolescent growth spurt
- And induce the epiphyseal plate to close ending longitudinal bone growth
- Changes in the hypothalamus triggers puberty
42
What is the role of Osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption
- Secrete enzymes that break down bone and acids that convert the insoluble calcium into a soluble form that passes easily into the blood
43
What is the role of Osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone deposition
- Lay down new collagen and minerals
- Calcium moves out of the blood into the bone
44
What works together to regulate the blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin
45
Define: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Produced by the parathyroid in response to failing blood calcium levels
- Increases the blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood
46
Define: Calcitonin
- Produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels
- If blood calcium levels are high, it causes the osteoblasts to deposit bone inhibits the osteoclasts from breaking down bone
47
Define: Osteoporosis
Disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone formation
| - The bone mass becomes so depleted that the skeleton can no longer withstand the mechanical stresses of normal living
48
Define: Axial Skeleton
Cranial and facial bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and hyoid (in throat- broken when strangled)
49
Define: Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limbs, pelvic (hip) girdle, and the lower limbs
50
How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones that are divided into the two groups
51
Axial Skeleton:
| Name the Cranial Bones
```
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
```
52
Axial Skeleton:
| Name the Facial Bones
```
2 nasal
2 lacrimal
2 maxillae
1 mandible
2 palatine
2 zygomatic
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
```
53
Axial Skeleton:
| Where is the Hyoid Bone located? What is its purpose?
Does not articulate with any other bone
- Located in the anterior neck, between the mandible and larynx
- Suspended from the styloid processes of temporal bones by muscle and ligament
- Supports tongue
- Attachment site for tongue muscles and those of neck and pharynx
- Helps keep larynx(voice box) open at all times
- Fractured during strangulation
54
Axial Skeleton:
| Name the Ear Bones
2 malleus
2 incus
2 stapes
55
Axial Skeleton:
| Name the Vertebrae and how many of each are there?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral bones (sacrum)
4 fused coccygeal bones (coccyx)
```
56
Axial Skeleton:
| How many ribs are there?
12 pairs
57
Axial Skeleton:
| What are the 3 parts to the sternum?
1) Manubrium - superior part
2) Body - largest and middle part
3) Xiphoid Process - smallest and inferior part
58
The Skull:
| View picture in textbook
Page
59
The Skull
| Define: Suture
An immovable joint found only between the skull bones
60
The Skull
| Define: Fontanel
A membranous space (soft spot) between cranial bones
| - present at birth to allow the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal
61
The Skull:
| What are the 4 types of sutures? and where are they located?
1) Coronal suture - Between frontal and parietal bones
2) Sagittal suture - Between the two parietal bones
3) Lambdoid suture - Between parietal and occipital bones
4) Squamous suture - Between parietal and temporal bones
62
Define: Vertebrae
Any of the irregular-shaped bones that make up the spinal column
63
Define: Intervertebral Discs
Cushionlike pads located between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers during movement, and allow the spine to flex and extend
64
What two parts are the Intervertebral Discs made up of?
1) Nucleus pulposus - soft part that deforms upon bending and moving
2) Annulus fibrosus - surrounding fibrocartilage layer that contains the inner nucleus pulposus
65
What are the names of cervical vertebra 1 and 2?
| C1 and C2
C1- Atlas
| C2 - Axis
66
How can the ribs be divided into categories?
True Ribs = 1-7 which attach directly to the sternum by costal (hyaline) cartilage
False Ribs = 8-10 which attach to each other and then to7 and the sternum
Floating Ribs = 11-12 which do not attach at all
*Each rib articulates posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra**
67
Where are the clavicle and scapula located?
They make up the pelvic girdle
- Scapula - posterior to the thorax between the level of the 2nd and 7th ribs
- Clavicle - superior and anterior to the thorax
68
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
106 bones
69
Names the 8 carpals
Proximal : Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal : Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
**See Fig. 8.8
70
How many metacarpals and phalanges do we have?
```
Metacarpals = 5/hand
Phalanges = 3/ finger x 4= 12 + 2 on thumb = 14/hand
```
71
Which 3 bones are fused together to make up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, pubis, and ischium bones
72
Define: Acetabulum
The junction of the 3 bones that forms a socket that holds the head of the femur
73
Pelvic girdle parts
Figure p. 150 in notes
74
Name the 7 tarsals
Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, 3rd cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 1st cuneiform, Cuboid
75
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Define: Articular cartilage
```
Hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces
| - cushions the joint and keeps the bones from being crushed
76
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Joint cavity
```
A space between opposing bones
77
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Articular capsule
```
Made up of the outer ligaments and the synovial membrane
| *********
78
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Synovial membrane
```
Loose connective tissue, lining the capsule internally and covers all the internal surfaces of the joint
79
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Fibrous membrane
```
- Dense irregular connective tissue (collagen fibres) that is a continuation of the bone periosteum
- OR regular arrangement forming strong parallel bundles called ligaments
- Attach bone to bone and hold them close together providing strength and flexibility at the joint
80
```
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Synovial fluid
```
A small amount of slippery fluid fills the cavity to reduce the friction between the cartilages
81
Define: Bursae
Flattened Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid
* Blue pads in Fig 9.12**
- Common in places where ligaments, muscles, skin, or muscle tendons overlie and rub against bone
82
Define: Tendons
Fibrous bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone
| - Strong, flexible and inelastic
