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APHY 191 > LO5 > Flashcards

LO5 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the human weight comes from bone tissue?

A

18%

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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of bones?

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral Homeostasis
5) Site of blood cell production
6) Storage of energy

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3
Q

Functions of Bones:

Support

A

Bone supports soft tissue, and is the point of attachment for muscles

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4
Q

Functions of Bones:

Protection

A

Bones protect internal organs from injury

ex. skull protects the brain, vertebrae protects spinal cord

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5
Q

Functions of Bones:

Movement

A

Muscles pull on bones to produce movement

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6
Q

Functions of Bones:

Mineral homeostasis

A

Storage of calcium and phosphorus

- both crucial in muscle contraction and nerve activity

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7
Q

Functions of Bones:

Site of blood cell production

A

Red marrow produces blood cells

- RBC, WBC, and platelets (hemopoiesis)

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8
Q

Functions of Bones:

Storage of energy

A

Yellow marrow stores lipids (adipose cells), which are an important energy reserve

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9
Q

Define: Compact Bone

A
  • Dense bone
  • Forms external layer of all bones (&bulk of long bones)
  • Provides protection and support
  • Solid but smooth
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10
Q

Define: Spongy Bone

A
  • Spongy refers to the bones appearance
  • Irregular lattice of thin plates called trabeculae
  • Found in: Short, flat, irregular-shaped bones (hipbones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull)
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11
Q

Define: Long Bones

A

Length is greater than its width

- ex. Femur, Phalanges

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12
Q

Define: Short Bones

A

Irregular-shaped bones approximately equal in width, length and thickness
- ex. Carpals, Tarsals

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13
Q

Define: Flat Bones

A

Very thin and often curved bones

- ex. Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae, Skull Bones

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14
Q

Define: Irregular Bones

A

Bones that do not fit in any other category

- ex. Vertebrae, Hipbones, Bones of the face

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15
Q

Define: Sesamoid Bones

A

Small bones found within a tendon

  • Protect against wear and tear
  • ex. Patellae
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16
Q

Bone Structure:

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of long portion of the bone

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17
Q

Bone Structure:

Epiphyses/ Epiphysis

A

The ends of the long bones

  • often contains red marrow
  • *DISTAL end of bone!!**
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18
Q

Bone Structure:

Articular Cartilage

A

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint with another bone

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19
Q

Bone Structure:

Metaphysis

A

Where the diaphysis and epiphyses join

- Region that includes the epiphyseal plate in growing bone

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20
Q

Bone Structure:

Medullary Cavity

A

The space within the diaphysis

- Contains fatty yellow marrow

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21
Q

Bone Structure:

Periosteum

A

Membrane on the surface of the bone

- Region where bones grow in diameter and repair themselves

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22
Q

Bone Structure:

Endosteum

A

Lining of the medullary cavity that contains bone precursor cells (osteoprogenitor cells) and osteoclasts

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23
Q 
Bone Structure:
Nutrient Canals (Nutrient foramina)
A

Area where arteries that supply the marrow and spongy bone enter through the compact bone
- Nutrient artery

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24
Q

Define: Hematopoietic Tissue

A

Blood cells are formed in the red marrow of bone

  • At birth, we have red marrow, by adolescence it is replaced with fatty yellow marrow.
  • - In an adult, red marrow is only found in the proximal epiphyses of long bones, also in the vertebrae, sternum, iliac crest, ribs, and cranium*
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25
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells

  • Secrete the materials necessary to form new bone
  • Found in the periosteum and epiphyseal plate region
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26
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

- No capability for growth or repair

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27
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells

  • Found on bone surfaces
  • Important in development, growth, maintenance and repair of bone tissue
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28
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

Cylinder of calcified bone found in compact bone

- Central canal, Lamellae, Lacunae, Osteocytes and Canaliculi are all forms of an osteon

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29
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Concentric Lamellae

A

The concentric layers that make up the cylinders

- Arranged like wider and wider drinking straws

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30
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Central (Haversian) Canal

A

Central Canals that run longitudinally through the osteon and contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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31
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals

A

Branches that are at right angles to the central canals

- They extend vessels and nerves outward to the periosteum and inward to the endosteum

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32
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Lacunae

A

Tiny spaces between the lamellae that contain osteocytes

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33
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Canaliculi

A

Tiny channels radiating from each lacunae through which nutrients and waste are exchanged

34
Q

Microscopic bone structure:

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed in the bone replacement process
- Found between osteons

35
Q

Define: Spongy Bones

A

Contains lamellae that are arranged in an irregular lattice pattern of thin plates called trabeculae. Osteocytes in the trabeculae receive their nourishment from the blood circulating in the marrow
- Also called trabecular or cancellous bone

36
Q

Define: Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Collagen fibres make up 30% of the framework
  • 15% water
  • Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
  • Inorganic salts : calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form hydroxyapatite crystals
  • These crystals are deposited in the collagen matrix where they crystallize and harden
37
Q

Define: Osteogenesis

A

The formation of bone tissue

38
Q

In which two ways can bones develop?

A

1) Intramembranous ossification

2) Endochondral ossification (replacement of cartilage by bone)

39
Q

Define: Growth Hormone

A

Released from the anterior pituitary gland

- It stimulates the liver to release growth factors that stimulate epiphyseal plate activity

40
Q

Define: T3 and T4

A

Regulate the activity of growth hormone to ensure that the skeleton grows proportionately
- Thyroid hormone

41
Q

Define: Testosterone and Estrogen

A

Promote the adolescent growth spurt

  • And induce the epiphyseal plate to close ending longitudinal bone growth
  • Changes in the hypothalamus triggers puberty
42
Q

What is the role of Osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption
- Secrete enzymes that break down bone and acids that convert the insoluble calcium into a soluble form that passes easily into the blood

43
Q

What is the role of Osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoblasts are responsible for bone deposition

  • Lay down new collagen and minerals
  • Calcium moves out of the blood into the bone
44
Q

What works together to regulate the blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

45
Q

Define: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Produced by the parathyroid in response to failing blood calcium levels
  • Increases the blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood
46
Q

Define: Calcitonin

A
  • Produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels
  • If blood calcium levels are high, it causes the osteoblasts to deposit bone inhibits the osteoclasts from breaking down bone
47
Q

Define: Osteoporosis

A

Disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone formation

- The bone mass becomes so depleted that the skeleton can no longer withstand the mechanical stresses of normal living

48
Q

Define: Axial Skeleton

A

Cranial and facial bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and hyoid (in throat- broken when strangled)

49
Q

Define: Appendicular Skeleton

A

The bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limbs, pelvic (hip) girdle, and the lower limbs

50
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206 bones that are divided into the two groups

51
Q

Axial Skeleton:

Name the Cranial Bones

A 
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
52
Q

Axial Skeleton:

Name the Facial Bones

A 
2 nasal
2 lacrimal
2 maxillae
1 mandible
2 palatine
2 zygomatic
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
53
Q

Axial Skeleton:

Where is the Hyoid Bone located? What is its purpose?

A

Does not articulate with any other bone

  • Located in the anterior neck, between the mandible and larynx
  • Suspended from the styloid processes of temporal bones by muscle and ligament
  • Supports tongue
  • Attachment site for tongue muscles and those of neck and pharynx
  • Helps keep larynx(voice box) open at all times
  • Fractured during strangulation
54
Q

Axial Skeleton:

Name the Ear Bones

A

2 malleus
2 incus
2 stapes

55
Q

Axial Skeleton:

Name the Vertebrae and how many of each are there?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral bones (sacrum)
4 fused coccygeal bones (coccyx)
56
Q

Axial Skeleton:

How many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

57
Q

Axial Skeleton:

What are the 3 parts to the sternum?

A

1) Manubrium - superior part
2) Body - largest and middle part
3) Xiphoid Process - smallest and inferior part

58
Q

The Skull:

View picture in textbook

A

Page

59
Q

The Skull

Define: Suture

A

An immovable joint found only between the skull bones

60
Q

The Skull

Define: Fontanel

A

A membranous space (soft spot) between cranial bones

- present at birth to allow the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal

61
Q

The Skull:

What are the 4 types of sutures? and where are they located?

A

1) Coronal suture - Between frontal and parietal bones
2) Sagittal suture - Between the two parietal bones
3) Lambdoid suture - Between parietal and occipital bones
4) Squamous suture - Between parietal and temporal bones

62
Q

Define: Vertebrae

A

Any of the irregular-shaped bones that make up the spinal column

63
Q

Define: Intervertebral Discs

A

Cushionlike pads located between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers during movement, and allow the spine to flex and extend

64
Q

What two parts are the Intervertebral Discs made up of?

A

1) Nucleus pulposus - soft part that deforms upon bending and moving
2) Annulus fibrosus - surrounding fibrocartilage layer that contains the inner nucleus pulposus

65
Q

What are the names of cervical vertebra 1 and 2?

C1 and C2

A

C1- Atlas

C2 - Axis

66
Q

How can the ribs be divided into categories?

A

True Ribs = 1-7 which attach directly to the sternum by costal (hyaline) cartilage
False Ribs = 8-10 which attach to each other and then to7 and the sternum
Floating Ribs = 11-12 which do not attach at all
*Each rib articulates posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra**

67
Q

Where are the clavicle and scapula located?

A

They make up the pelvic girdle

  • Scapula - posterior to the thorax between the level of the 2nd and 7th ribs
  • Clavicle - superior and anterior to the thorax
68
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

106 bones

69
Q

Names the 8 carpals

A

Proximal : Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal : Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
**See Fig. 8.8

70
Q

How many metacarpals and phalanges do we have?

A 
Metacarpals = 5/hand 
Phalanges = 3/ finger x 4= 12 + 2 on thumb = 14/hand
71
Q

Which 3 bones are fused together to make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, pubis, and ischium bones

72
Q

Define: Acetabulum

A

The junction of the 3 bones that forms a socket that holds the head of the femur

73
Q

Pelvic girdle parts

A

Figure p. 150 in notes

74
Q

Name the 7 tarsals

A

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, 3rd cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 1st cuneiform, Cuboid

75
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Define: Articular cartilage
A

Hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces

- cushions the joint and keeps the bones from being crushed

76
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Joint cavity
A

A space between opposing bones

77
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Articular capsule
A

Made up of the outer ligaments and the synovial membrane

*******

78
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Synovial membrane
A

Loose connective tissue, lining the capsule internally and covers all the internal surfaces of the joint

79
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Fibrous membrane
A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue (collagen fibres) that is a continuation of the bone periosteum
  • OR regular arrangement forming strong parallel bundles called ligaments
  • Attach bone to bone and hold them close together providing strength and flexibility at the joint
80
Q 
Synovial Joints (Fig 9.3 or p. 155 of notes):
Synovial fluid
A

A small amount of slippery fluid fills the cavity to reduce the friction between the cartilages

81
Q

Define: Bursae

A

Flattened Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid

  • Blue pads in Fig 9.12**
  • Common in places where ligaments, muscles, skin, or muscle tendons overlie and rub against bone
82
Q

Define: Tendons

A

Fibrous bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone

- Strong, flexible and inelastic

APHY 191 (8 decks)

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