Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

APHY 191 > LO 2.1 - 2.2 > Flashcards

LO 2.1 - 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Inorganic compounds

A
  • small molecules that usually lack carbon

*exceptions: CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Water

A
  • most important & abundant
  • 55-60% of body mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Salts

A
  • dissociates readily in water to cations and anions that are NOT H+ or OH-

Ex. NaCl = Na+ + Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Acid

A
  • releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissociated
  • dissociates in water
  • has a H+
  • proton (hydrogen nucleus) donor
  • sour taste, burns holes
  • HCl = H+ + Cl-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Base

A
  • releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissociates
  • has OH-
  • proton acceptor (attracts H+)
  • bitter taste, slippery
  • NaOH = OH- + Na+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define: pH scale

A
  • logarithmic scale that expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
  • scale 0-14
  • the more H+, the more acidic
  • the more OH-, the more alkaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pH of:

Acidic solution?

Neutral?

Alkaline solution?

A

Acidic solution pH 0-6.9

Neutral pH 7

Alkaline solution pH 7.1-14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the buffer system?

A

A buffer is used to convert a strong acid/base into a weak acid or base and prevent drastic changes in pH

*blood is buffered to have a pH of 7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can you represent the buffer system?

A

Strong acid + weak base = weak acid (HCl = H+ + Cl-)

Strong base + weak acid = weak base (KOH = K+ + OH-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the abbreviation for redox reactions?

A

OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain

LEO GER: Loss Electrons Oxidation (reducing agent) Gain Electrons Reduction (oxidizing agent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define: Oxidation

A

The removal of electrons and energy from a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define: Reduction

A

The gain of electrons and energy by a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define: Redox reactions

A

Electrons and energy are transferred from the oxidized compound to the reduced compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define: Organic Compounds

A
  • Always contain carbon and usually hydrogen
  • many covalent bonds
  • CHO, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP
  • large molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of organic compounds?

A
  • polymer
  • dehydration
  • hydrolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define: Polymer

A

Large molecules formed by covalent bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define: Dehydration

A

A synthesis reaction where a molecule of H2O is removed when molecules are joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

Splitting a molecule apart with the addition of a molecule of H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chemistry review

A

p.33-35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 types of organic compounds?

A

CHO, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 4 types of CHOs?

A

Sugars, Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of CHOs?

A

To provide a source of energy to fuel metabolic reactions

23
Q

What are CHOs composed of?

A

They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen

Ratio= 1C: 2H: 1 O

24
Q

What are the 3 major groups of CHO?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

25
Define: Monosaccharides
- contain 3 to 7 carbon molecules - _cannot_ be broken down into simpler sugars by hydrolysis reaction - 5 carbon sugar is called pentoses (Ribose & Deoxyribose) - 6 carbon sugars are called hexoses (Glucose, fructose, galactose)
26
# Define: Disaccharides
- Composed of 2 monosaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
27
# Define: Polysaccharides
Long chains or polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis - main polysaccharide is glycogen: stored form of glucose, stored in liver and muscle - Others are starch and cellulose
28
Lipids make up about ____ of our body weight. They are composed of _______ with less __ then \_\_\_. Lipids are generally ____ and _____ in water.
Lipids make up about 20% of our body weight. They are composed of C, H, and O with less O then CHOs. Lipids are generally hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
29
What are the 3 main types of lipids in the human body?
Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids
30
# Define: Triglycerides
They consis of a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains attached by synthesis dehydration - provide energy storage - dietary excess is converted to TG and stored in adipose cells
31
How are Triglycerides classified?
1) Saturated fats 2) Unsaturated fats (2 types): monounsaturated fat & polyunsaturated fat
32
# Define: Saturated fats
- Single bonds between carbon molecules - Carbons are saturated with Hydrogen - solid at room temperature
33
# Define: Unsaturated fats
- Double bonds between carbon molecules - Each Carbon is NOT saturated with H - liquid at room temperature
34
Unsaturated fats: Define: Monounsaturated fat
- One double bond between carbon atoms somewhere along the chain \*cis configuration = it can bend
35
Unsaturated fats: Define: Polyunsaturated fat
- multiple, double bonds between carbon molecules along the chain
36
# Define: Phospholipids
Have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and an additional phosphate group - Phosphate end: polar, hydrophillic, attracted to water - Fatty acid end: nonpolar, hydrophobic Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer
37
# Define: Steroids
- Made up of four fused carbon rings - Insoluble in water - Nonpolar - Soluble in fat - Cholesterol is the most common type
38
Proteins make up about \_\_\_% of the weight of a normal adult
15%
39
What are the main functions of proteins? Class of protein, Function, Examples
TRICCS: **T** - Transport - bind and carry other molecules - hemoglobin, albumins **R** - Regulatory - hormones (chemical messengers) - insulin, glucagon **I** - Immunological - body defense - antibodies **C** - Contractile - shortne muscle cells/tissue - actin, myosin **C** - Catalytic - Enzymes (catalyse metabolic reactions) - salivary amylase, lactase **S** - Structural - Structural filaments and tubules - collagen, keratin
40
# Define: Amino Acids
- 20 different amino acids - Each amino acid sequence is unique for each protein - Each AA contains a hydrogen atom, an amino terminus (-NH2), a carboxyl terminus (-COOH) and a side chain (represented as R), which are all attached to a central carbon
41
# Define: Peptide bonds
- Link AA together to form polypeptides - dehydration synthesis with formation of H2O \* Hydrolysis is the reverse with formation of AA with addition of H2O
42
What are the four levels of structural protein organization?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
43
# Define: Primary organization level
Linear sequene of AA making the polypeptide chain
44
Define: Secondary organization level
Twists, folds and spirals of polypeptide chain held in place by hydrogen bonds
45
Define: Tertiary organization level
Folding of the chain, giving a 3D, globular form - different for each protein to allow different functions
46
# Define: Quaternary organization level
Composed of more than one polypeptide chain; refers to the spatial relationship of these chains
47
# Define: Denaturation
- breaking of hydrogen bonds of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure - caused by heat, acids, bases, etc. - proteins loses characteristic shape - AA sequence is not altered (peptide bonds not broken) - interferes with function
48
# Define: Nucleic Acid What are the 3 components?
Nucleic Acids are built from nucleotides 1) A nitrogen containing base (5 bases) - purines: adenine, guanine - pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil 2) A pentose sugar (deoxyribose, ribose) 3) A phosphate group (PO4)
49
What are the functions of nucleotides? (3)
1) cell signal molecules (cAMP) 2) Energy transfer (ATP) 3) Building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)
50
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
51
# Define: DNA
- Found in the nucleus of the cell - Forms the genes of a cell - Contains the genetic code - Two strands - pentose (sugar): Deoxyribose - Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
52
# Define: RNA
- Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm - Translates the genetic code into proteins - one strand - pentose (sugar): ribose - bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
53
What are the complementary bases of DNA?
Adenine - Thymine (A-T) Guanine - Cytosine (G-C)
54
# Define: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Nitrogenous base (adenine) - Sugar (ribose) - 3 phosphate groups, high energy bonds in 2 - Function: energy storage for cellular activities, energy release when phosphate is removed

APHY 191 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions