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APHY 191 > LO 2.1 - 2.2 > Flashcards

LO 2.1 - 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Inorganic compounds

A
  • small molecules that usually lack carbon

*exceptions: CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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2
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Water

A
  • most important & abundant
  • 55-60% of body mass
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3
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Salts

A
  • dissociates readily in water to cations and anions that are NOT H+ or OH-

Ex. NaCl = Na+ + Cl-

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4
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Acid

A
  • releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissociated
  • dissociates in water
  • has a H+
  • proton (hydrogen nucleus) donor
  • sour taste, burns holes
  • HCl = H+ + Cl-
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5
Q

Inorganic compounds:

Define: Base

A
  • releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissociates
  • has OH-
  • proton acceptor (attracts H+)
  • bitter taste, slippery
  • NaOH = OH- + Na+
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6
Q

Define: pH scale

A
  • logarithmic scale that expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
  • scale 0-14
  • the more H+, the more acidic
  • the more OH-, the more alkaline
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7
Q

What is the pH of:

Acidic solution?

Neutral?

Alkaline solution?

A

Acidic solution pH 0-6.9

Neutral pH 7

Alkaline solution pH 7.1-14

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8
Q

What is the buffer system?

A

A buffer is used to convert a strong acid/base into a weak acid or base and prevent drastic changes in pH

*blood is buffered to have a pH of 7.35-7.45

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9
Q

How can you represent the buffer system?

A

Strong acid + weak base = weak acid (HCl = H+ + Cl-)

Strong base + weak acid = weak base (KOH = K+ + OH-)

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10
Q

What is the abbreviation for redox reactions?

A

OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain

LEO GER: Loss Electrons Oxidation (reducing agent) Gain Electrons Reduction (oxidizing agent)

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11
Q

Define: Oxidation

A

The removal of electrons and energy from a molecule

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12
Q

Define: Reduction

A

The gain of electrons and energy by a molecule

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13
Q

Define: Redox reactions

A

Electrons and energy are transferred from the oxidized compound to the reduced compound

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14
Q

Define: Organic Compounds

A
  • Always contain carbon and usually hydrogen
  • many covalent bonds
  • CHO, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP
  • large molecules
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15
Q

What are the 3 types of organic compounds?

A
  • polymer
  • dehydration
  • hydrolysis
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16
Q

Define: Polymer

A

Large molecules formed by covalent bonding

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17
Q

Define: Dehydration

A

A synthesis reaction where a molecule of H2O is removed when molecules are joined

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18
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

Splitting a molecule apart with the addition of a molecule of H2O

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19
Q

Chemistry review

A

p.33-35

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of organic compounds?

A

CHO, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid, ATP

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21
Q

What are 4 types of CHOs?

A

Sugars, Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose

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22
Q

What is the function of CHOs?

A

To provide a source of energy to fuel metabolic reactions

23
Q

What are CHOs composed of?

A

They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen

Ratio= 1C: 2H: 1 O

24
Q

What are the 3 major groups of CHO?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

25
Q

Define: Monosaccharides

A
  • contain 3 to 7 carbon molecules
  • cannot be broken down into simpler sugars by hydrolysis reaction
  • 5 carbon sugar is called pentoses (Ribose & Deoxyribose)
  • 6 carbon sugars are called hexoses (Glucose, fructose, galactose)
26
Q

Define: Disaccharides

A
  • Composed of 2 monosaccharides
  • sucrose, lactose, maltose
27
Q

Define: Polysaccharides

A

Long chains or polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis

  • main polysaccharide is glycogen: stored form of glucose, stored in liver and muscle
  • Others are starch and cellulose
28
Q

Lipids make up about ____ of our body weight. They are composed of _______ with less __ then ___. Lipids are generally ____ and _____ in water.

A

Lipids make up about 20% of our body weight. They are composed of C, H, and O with less O then CHOs. Lipids are generally hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

29
Q

What are the 3 main types of lipids in the human body?

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids

30
Q

Define: Triglycerides

A

They consis of a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains attached by synthesis dehydration

  • provide energy storage
  • dietary excess is converted to TG and stored in adipose cells
31
Q

How are Triglycerides classified?

A

1) Saturated fats
2) Unsaturated fats (2 types): monounsaturated fat & polyunsaturated fat

32
Q

Define: Saturated fats

A
  • Single bonds between carbon molecules
  • Carbons are saturated with Hydrogen
  • solid at room temperature
33
Q

Define: Unsaturated fats

A
  • Double bonds between carbon molecules
  • Each Carbon is NOT saturated with H
  • liquid at room temperature
34
Q

Unsaturated fats:

Define: Monounsaturated fat

A
  • One double bond between carbon atoms somewhere along the chain

*cis configuration = it can bend

35
Q

Unsaturated fats:

Define: Polyunsaturated fat

A
  • multiple, double bonds between carbon molecules along the chain
36
Q

Define: Phospholipids

A

Have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and an additional phosphate group

  • Phosphate end: polar, hydrophillic, attracted to water
  • Fatty acid end: nonpolar, hydrophobic

Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer

37
Q

Define: Steroids

A
  • Made up of four fused carbon rings
  • Insoluble in water
  • Nonpolar
  • Soluble in fat
  • Cholesterol is the most common type
38
Q

Proteins make up about ___% of the weight of a normal adult

A

15%

39
Q

What are the main functions of proteins?

Class of protein, Function, Examples

A

TRICCS:

T - Transport - bind and carry other molecules - hemoglobin, albumins

R - Regulatory - hormones (chemical messengers) - insulin, glucagon

I - Immunological - body defense - antibodies

C - Contractile - shortne muscle cells/tissue - actin, myosin

C - Catalytic - Enzymes (catalyse metabolic reactions) - salivary amylase, lactase

S - Structural - Structural filaments and tubules - collagen, keratin

40
Q

Define: Amino Acids

A
  • 20 different amino acids
  • Each amino acid sequence is unique for each protein
  • Each AA contains a hydrogen atom, an amino terminus (-NH2), a carboxyl terminus (-COOH) and a side chain (represented as R), which are all attached to a central carbon
41
Q

Define: Peptide bonds

A
  • Link AA together to form polypeptides
  • dehydration synthesis with formation of H2O

* Hydrolysis is the reverse with formation of AA with addition of H2O

42
Q

What are the four levels of structural protein organization?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

43
Q

Define: Primary organization level

A

Linear sequene of AA making the polypeptide chain

44
Q

Define: Secondary organization level

A

Twists, folds and spirals of polypeptide chain held in place by hydrogen bonds

45
Q

Define: Tertiary organization level

A

Folding of the chain, giving a 3D, globular form

  • different for each protein to allow different functions
46
Q

Define: Quaternary organization level

A

Composed of more than one polypeptide chain; refers to the spatial relationship of these chains

47
Q

Define: Denaturation

A
  • breaking of hydrogen bonds of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
  • caused by heat, acids, bases, etc.
  • proteins loses characteristic shape
  • AA sequence is not altered (peptide bonds not broken)
  • interferes with function
48
Q

Define: Nucleic Acid

What are the 3 components?

A

Nucleic Acids are built from nucleotides

1) A nitrogen containing base (5 bases)
- purines: adenine, guanine
- pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil
2) A pentose sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)
3) A phosphate group (PO4)

49
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides? (3)

A

1) cell signal molecules (cAMP)
2) Energy transfer (ATP)
3) Building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)

50
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

51
Q

Define: DNA

A
  • Found in the nucleus of the cell
  • Forms the genes of a cell
  • Contains the genetic code
  • Two strands
  • pentose (sugar): Deoxyribose
  • Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
52
Q

Define: RNA

A
  • Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Translates the genetic code into proteins
  • one strand
  • pentose (sugar): ribose
  • bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
53
Q

What are the complementary bases of DNA?

A

Adenine - Thymine (A-T)

Guanine - Cytosine (G-C)

54
Q

Define: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • Nitrogenous base (adenine)
  • Sugar (ribose)
  • 3 phosphate groups, high energy bonds in 2
  • Function: energy storage for cellular activities, energy release when phosphate is removed

APHY 191 (8 decks)

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