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APHY 191 > LO 6 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

LO 6 - The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Sensory

A

The nervous system senses change both within the internal environment and the external environment

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2
Q

Define: Integration

A

Analyzes the sensory information, stores some aspects of the info for future reference, and makes a decision regarding an appropriate response

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3
Q

Define: Motor

A

The nervous system responds to the initial stimuli by initiating some motor response
- Causing a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete

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4
Q

Define: Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Thoughts and emotion memories are formed and stored
  • Incoming sensory info is integrated and correlated
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5
Q

Define: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What are the 2 subdivisions?

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves
  • Sensory input of the PNS is transferred via sensory or afferent neurons from various parts of the body to the CNS
  • Somatic nervous system (SNS) & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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6
Q

Define: Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • Controls voluntary functions
  • Motor neurons from CNS to skeletal muscles
  • Sensory neurons from cutaneous (skin) receptors and special sense receptors in the head, body wall and limbs
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7
Q

Define: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Controls involuntary functions

- Motor neurons from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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8
Q

How can the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) be divided?

A

1) Sympathetic division - Fight or Flight - requires Energy

2) Parasympathetic division - Rest and digest

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9
Q

How can the Sympathetic system be divided?

A

1) Alpha - norepinephrin
2) Beta - epinephrin (hormone) & norepinephrin (neurons)
- Both increase the output of the heart, increase blood pressure, and increase blood flow to the liver, heart, muscles, etc.

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10
Q

Define: Neuroglia

A

Support, nurture and protect neurons

  • Have the capability for multiplication in the mature nervous system
  • Secondary
  • Can undergo mitosis
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11
Q

Define: Neurons

A
  • Primary*
  • Sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity and glandular secretions
  • Little ability to repair, because they CAN’T undergo mitosis
  • No centrioles
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12
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the CNS
Define: Astrocytes
A
  • star-shaped cells with many processes
  • help form the blood brain barrier
  • link neurons and blood vessels
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13
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the CNS
Define: Oligodendrocytes
A
  • Smaller then Astrocytes
  • Few processes
  • Form a support network of lipid and protein around the axon called the myelin sheath
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14
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the CNS
Define: Microglia
A
  • Small, phagocytic neuroglia with a macrophagic function that help protect the CNS by engulfing debris and bacteria
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15
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the CNS
Define: Ependymal cells
A
  • Range in shape from cuboidal to columnar
  • Have microvilli and cilia
  • Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
  • CSF circulation
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16
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the PNS
Define: Schwann cells
A
  • Produces myelin sheaths around PNS neurons (neurolemma)

* Looks like a hot dog inside a bun

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17
Q 
Supporting cells (neuroglia) in the PNS
Define: Satellite cells
A
  • Surround neuron cell bodies or ganglia
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18
Q

Define: Myelination

A
  • Surrounds most of our neuron’s axons
  • Insulates the neurons to speed up the process of nerve transmission (saltatory conduct)
  • Lipid and protein sheath
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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath produced by?

A

Schwann cells (PNS) & Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q 
Neurons:
Cell Body (soma or perikaryon)
A
  • Contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
  • Contains lysosomes, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
  • Also contains Nissl bodies or chromatophilic substances in the rough ER, and Neurofibrils which form cytoskeletons and the cell shape
21
Q

Neurons:

Processes

A

Cytoplasmic extensions or “arms” extending from the cell body of a neuron

22
Q

Neurons:

Dendrites

A

Short, highly branched processes that extend from the cell body
- Non-myelinated & receive signals from other neurons

23
Q

Neurons:

Axons

A

Second type of process extending from the cell body that is long and thin and covered with myelin
- Generates nerve impulses and transmit them away from the body

24
Q

Neurons:

Axon Hillock

A

Area where the cell body and axon join

25
Q

Neurons:

Axon Collateral

A

Side branches off the axon, usually at right angles to the axon

26
Q

Neurons:

Axon Terminals

A

The end of the axon and axon collateral processes, just before the portion where the neurotransmitters will be released

27
Q

Neurons:

Synaptic End Bulbs

A

Bulb-shaped structures at the end of axon terminals

- Contain synaptic vesicles

28
Q

Neurons:

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane surrounding the axon

29
Q

Neurons:

Myelin Sheath

A

Layers and layers of neurolemmocyte or oligodendrocyte membrane surrounding the axon

30
Q

Neurons:

Neurolemma (Schwann cell)

A

Outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the neurolemmocyte which encloses the myelin sheath

31
Q 
Neurons:
Neurofibril Nodes (Nodes of Ranvier)
A

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the length of the axon

- Gaps are important for nervous transmission

32
Q

Define: Multipolar neurons

A

Many processes extending from the cell body; all dendrites but one axon

33
Q

Define: Bipolar neurons

A

Two processes extending from the cell body; one dendrite and one axon

34
Q

Define: Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

A

Only one process extending from the cell body

  • *Always sensory neurons
  • Single process then divides into 2 branches a short distance from the cell body
35
Q

Which parts of the body have the most neurons?

A

The brain and spinal cord

36
Q

Define: Afferent

A

Sensory neurons

  • Transmit impulses from the sensory organs and viscera to the CNS
  • Trick: A= Arriving at the integration centre; Asking what to do
37
Q

Define: Efferent

A

Motor neuron

  • Transmit motor impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors
  • Trick: E= Exiting from I.C.; Explaining what to do
38
Q

Define: Association neurons

A

Carry impulses from one neuron to another

- makes up 90% of the body’s neurons

39
Q

Define: White matter

A

Area where neuronal processes appear white because of myelin

  • Transverse of spinal cord = outside
  • Frontal section of brain = inside
40
Q

Define: Gray matter

A

Contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, or bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

  • Grey because of the lack of myelin
  • Transverse of spinal cord = middle (butterfly looking)
  • Frontal section of brain = outer layer
41
Q

Define: Nerve fibre

A

General term describing any neuronal process whether it’s an axon or dendrite

42
Q

Define: Nerve

A

Bundle of many nerve fibres that follow the same path within the PNS
- Contain both sensory and motor fibres

43
Q

Define: Ganglia

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

44
Q

Define: Tract

A

Bundle of nerve fibres within the CNS

45
Q

Define: Nucleus

A

Mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites within the CNS

46
Q

What is the electrical charge of the resting membrane potential?

A

+5mV to -100mV

Which is the net charge inside the cell

47
Q

Define: Passive diffusion of the resting membrane potential

A
  • K+ moves from high concentration inside the cell to low concentration outside
  • Na+ diffuses slowly from high concentration outside to low concentration inside
  • *Less movement with Na+ because the membrane is less permeable to Na ions
48
Q

Define: Active transport of the resting membrane potential

A

3 Na+ move out of the cell as 2 K+ move into the cell

- Prevents them from being equal on both sides by diffusion

APHY 191 (8 decks)

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