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APHY 191 > LO 4 > Flashcards

LO 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four principle types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

Define: Tissue

A

Group of cells that work together to perform a common and specific function

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3
Q

Define: Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covering
  • Covers body surface and lines openings
  • Forms glands
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4
Q

Define: Connective tissue

A
  • Support

- Supports body and organs, holds organs in place, energy storage, provides immunity

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5
Q

Define: Muscle tissue

A
  • Movement
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6
Q

Define: Nervous tissue

A
  • Control

- Initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities

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7
Q

What are the two types of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

A

1) Interstitial fluid

2) Plasma

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8
Q 
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Define: Interstitial fluid
A
  • Supports body and organs, holds organs in place, energy storage, provides immunity
  • Also called Intercellular (inter=between cells in tissue)
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9
Q 
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Define: Plasma
A
  • Extracellular fluid in blood
  • Liquid part of the blood
  • Found in blood vessels
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions?

A

Tight Junctions, Anchoring Junctions, Gap Junctions

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11
Q

Define: Tight Junctions

A

1) Structure - Protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse together like a zipper
2) Function - Prevents leakage of fluids through tissue
* In stomach, intestine, and the urinary tract

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12
Q

Define: Anchoring Junctions

A

1) Structure - Fasten cells together or to extracellular material *Desmosomes are the most common type
2) Function - Anchors cells in tissue subjected to stretching and friction
* In skin, heart, muscle, and uterus

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13
Q

Define: Gap Junctions

A

1) Structure - Channel proteins connecting cell membranes, allowing materials to pass freely through channels
2) Function - Communication between cells - Allows ions, molecules and electrical impulses to pass directly from cytoplasm of one cell to another
- Rapid movement of nerve and muscle impulses
* In heart muscle, and in the lens and cornea of the eye

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14
Q

What are the two types of Epithelial tissue?

A

1) Covering and lining epithelium - covers outer body surfaces, lines vessels, ducts and body cavities
2) Glandular epithelium - secretory portions of glands which secrete mucus and hormones

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15
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Epithelial tissue?

A

1) Densely-packed cells
2) Arranged in continuous sheets of cells in single or multiple layers
3) Contain a apical (free) surface which is exposed to the body lining or exterior of the body AND a basal surface which is attached to the basement membrane
4) Numerous cell junctions
5) Avascular (no blood vessels)
6) Basement membrane attaches epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue (2 layers)
7) Present nerve supply
8) High rate of mitosis because epithelial tissue is continually destroyed by wear and tear
9) Derived from all 3 embryonic germ layers (epithelial, mesoderm, and endoderm)
10) Diverse functions - protection, lubrication, secretion, absorption, digestion

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?

A

1) The basal lamina secreted by epithelial tissue (upper)

2) Reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue (lower)

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17
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A

1) By number of cell layers

2) By shape of cells at surface (apical)

18
Q 
# of cell layers:
Define: Simple
A
  • One layer thick
19
Q 
# of cell layers:
Define: Stratified
A
  • Two or more layers thick
20
Q 
# of cell layers:
Define: Pseudostratified
A

One layer of cells, all cells make contact with basement membrane, BUT not all cells reach the surface
*Looks multilayered but isn’t

21
Q

Cell Shape:

Squamous

A
  • Flat, Scalelike cells
22
Q

Cell Shape:

Cuboidal

A
  • Small, cube-shaped cells
23
Q

Cell Shape:

Columnar

A
  • Tall cylinders (rectangular)
24
Q

Cell Shape:

Transitional

A
  • Cell shape changes with stretching

- Cuboidal or Columnar basal layer, middle layer has many sides, apical layer is squamous or cuboidal

25
Q

How can epithelial cells be classified based on the # of cells and the cell shape?

A

1) Simple = Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
2) Stratified = Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional
3) Pseudostratified = Columnar

26
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

1) Structure - single layer of flat cells
2) Function - allows movement of materials through membrane by diffusion, filtration or osmosis
3) Locations - Air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidney, endothelium lining of blood vessels

27
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

1) Structure - single layer of cube-shaped cells with large nuclei
2) Function - absorption and secretion
3) Location - Ducts of glands where secretion takes place, lining of tubules of the kidneys where water reabsorption takes place

28
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

1) Structure - Single layer of cells that are taller then they are wide, large oval shaped nucleus
2) Function - Secretion, Absorption, Lubrication and Protection
3) Location - Lining of digestive tract (absorption of nutrients), and Lining of upper airways (Globlet cells)

29
Q

What are the 3 modification associated with simple columnar epithelium?

A

1) Cilia - hairlike projections that move material along cell surface
2) Microvilli - folds in cell membrane that increases the cell surface so there is more absorptive area
3) Globlet cells - Secrete mucus into upper part of the cell

30
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

1) Structure - Several layers of cells with flat surface
2) Function - Protection (found in lining outer and inner body surfaces)
3) Location - In the skin (has a keratinized cell layer to provide protection for skin) and in the oral cavity (nonkeratinized cells protect from abrasion)

31
Q

Define: Keratinized cells

A

Extra lining of skin that continuously flakes off

32
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Statified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

1) Structure - Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells
2) Function - Protection
3) Location - ducts of sweat glands
* Uncommon type of tissue

33
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

1) Structure - Several layers of cells with many shapes, top layer is columnar
2) Function - Secretion and protection
3) Location - Large ducts of some glands, urethral lining
* Uncommon type of tissue

34
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Stratified Transitional Epithelium

A

1) Structure - Several layers with shape changing cells
* Cuboidal when relaxed, quamous when stretched
2) Function - Allows distension as fluid accumulates inside an organ
3) Location - Lining of urinary bladder to allow filling

35
Q

Structure, function and location of the: Psudostratified Columnar

A

1) Structure - Only one layer of columnar cells but appear stratified due to nuclei at different levels - All cells contact basement membrane but not all reach the surface
2) Function - Secretion and movement of mucus along cell surface by cilia
3) Locations - Upper airways where mucus is secreted

36
Q

Define: Exocrine glands

A
  • Release secretion into ducts or onto a free surface

- can be multicellular (in salivary and sweat glands) or unicellular (in mucus-secreting goblets)

37
Q

Define: Endocrine glands

A
  • Release secretions into the extracellular fluid of the gland epithelium
  • Secretions diffuse directly into the blood stream (no ducts involved)
  • Secretes hormones
38
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

A

Connective Tissue

39
Q

What are the 3 basic parts that make up the structure of connective tissue?

A

1) Cells (vary with the type of tissue)
2) Fibres
3) Ground Substance (all the fill between cells and fibres)

40
Q

What makes up the matrix?

A

Fibres and the ground substance

*The matrix can be fluid or hard

41
Q

What are the general features of connective tissue?

A

1) Does not occur on free surfaces
2) Has a nerve supply (except for cartilage)
3) Has a blood supply (except for cartilage, tendons and ligaments)
4) Matrix varies from fluid to hard
5) Connective tissue cells rarely come in contact with each other (separated by matrix)
6) Transports materials within the body

APHY 191 (8 decks)

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