LO 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define: Anatomy
A
The relationship of body parts to each other
2
Q
Define: Gross Anatomy
A
Concerned with body structures visible to the naked eye
Heart, lungs, skin, etc.
3
Q
Define: Microscopic Anatomy
A
Concerned with body structures that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope
(Blood cells)
4
Q
Define: Physiology
A
Functions of body parts, How things work
5
Q
Define: Chemical level
A
- Simplest level of organization
Atoms such as Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen combine to form molecules
6
Q
Define: Cellular level
A
- Second simplest level
Molecules combine to form structural components of individual cells (muscle cells, brain cells and blood cells)
7
Q
Define: Tissue level
A
- Third simplest level
Groups of similar cells make up tissue
ex. brain cells make brain tissue
8
Q
What are the 4 types of tissues?
A
1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue
9
Q
Define: Organ level
A
- Third highest level
Combination of at least two types of tissue in a structure, called an organ, which performs a specific function
10
Q
Define: System level
A
- Second highest level
Combination of several related organs that have a common function
11
Q
Define: Organism level
A
- Highest level or organization
All systems together to make the total living body
12
Q
List the levels of structural organization from the most complex, to the simplest
A
Organism level, System level, Organ level, Tissue level, Cell level, Chemical level
13
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
-The lateral surface of the kidney is convex
A
Gross Anatomy
14
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
- Cells of kidneys
A
Microscopic anatomy
15
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
- Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration
A
Physiology
16
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
- The more pointed end of the heart is called the apex
A
Gross Anatomy
17
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
- Contraction of the heart is triggered by action potential
A
Physiology
18
Q
1) Gross Anatomy 2) Microscopic anatomy 3) Physiology
Which one matches the following statement?
- Mature red blood cells do not contain a nucleus
A
Microscopic anatomy
19
Q
Describe: Skeletal System
A
- Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints
- Provides protection, support, movement, site of blood production, and storage of minerals ( Ca & Phosphorus)
20
Q
Describe: Nervous system
A
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
- Electrical regulation of body activities
21
Q
Describe: Endocrine system
A
- Hormone-producing glands and cells
- Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Chemical regulation of body activities
22
Q
What are the two types of systems that regulate body activities?
A
1) The nervous system (electrical regulation)
2) The endocrine system (chemical regulation)
23
Q
Describe: Muscular system
A
- Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
- Movement, posture, heat production
24
Q
Describe: Integumentary system
A
- Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
- Protection, eliminates some body waste, regulates temperature, involved in vitamin D production, pain receptors
25
Describe: Cardiovascular system
- Heart, blood vessels and blood
| - Carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues, carries CO2 and waste away from tissues, regulates body temperature
26
Describe: Lymphatic and Immune system
- Lymphatic vessels and tissue
- Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils
- Returns tissue fluid to the blood stream
- Produces the immune response to protect against invading organisms
27
Describe: Respiratory system
- Lungs and a series of passages leading in and out of the body
- Pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
- Diaphragm
- Supplies oxygen to the bloodstream and eliminates CO2, regulates acid-base balance, vocal sounds
28
Describe: Digestive system
- Gastrointestinal tract and associated organs
- Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm & lrg intestine, anus
- Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
- Physical and chemical break down of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
29
Describe: Urinary system
- Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, and Urethra
| - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood
30
Describe: Reproductive system
- Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
- Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
- Reproduces the human species
31
Define: Homeostasis
| *What is an important aspect of homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal body environment
- An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
* The balance to keep us healthy
32
What is the feedback system? And what are the 3 basic components?
It is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, change, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
- A receptor, a control center, and an effector
33
What is a controlled condition in a feedback system? And what is a stimulus?
Controlled condition - A monitored variable such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose levels
Stimulus - Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
34
What is the role of a receptor?
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends INPUT (in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals) to a control center (afferent pathway= information flows toward the control center)
35
What is the role of a control center?
It sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates OUTPUT (nerve impulses, chemical signals, or hormones) commands when they are needed. (efferent pathway= information flows away from the control center)
36
What is the role of an effector?
It is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
- Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector
37
Operation of a feedback system:
A _____ disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a ______ that is monitored by ______ that send nerve impulses or chemical signals (input) to a ______ that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals (output) to ____ that bring about a change or response that alters ______, which returns to _____ when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal.
Operation of a feedback system:
A STIMULUS disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a CONTROLLED CONDITION that is monitored by RECEPTORS that send nerve impulses or chemical signals (input) to a CONTROL CENTER that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals (output) to EFFECTORS that bring about a change or response that alters THE CONTROLLED CONDITION, which returns to HOMEOSTASIS when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal.
38
What's the difference between a negative and a positive feedback system?
Negative - reverses a change in a controlled condition
* ex. if blood pressure is high, negative feedback system kicks in to lower blood pressure
Positive - strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
* The effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition. The action continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism
39
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Secretes hormones that regulate body processes
Endocrine system
40
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Rids the body of nitrogenous waste
Urinary system
41
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Removes CO2 from the blood
Respiratory system
42
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Brain, spinal cord and nerves are part of this system
Nervous system
43
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Damaged skin due to excessive exposure to the sun
Integumentary system
44
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - This system is responsible for the movement of bones
Muscular system
45
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Provides a rigid framework for the brain
Skeletal system
46
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Heart, arteries and veins
Cardiovascular system
47
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Testis, vas deferens, and urethra
Reproductive system
48
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Breaks down food materials into sm molecules that are absorbed through the intestine
Digestive system
49
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Main site of Calcium storage
Skeletal system
50
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Critical thinking
Nervous system
51
Which body system matches with this statement?
| - Pancreas, adrenal and thyroid glands
Endocrine system
52
Define: Supine
- Lying on the back with facing upward
| - Palms up holding a soup bowl
53
Define: Prone
- Lying face down
| - Palms facing to your back
54
Define: Superior
Toward the head
55
Define: Inferior
Away from the head, towards your toes
56
Define: Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body
57
Define: Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
58
Define: Medial
Toward the midline of the body
59
Define: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
60
Define: Intermediate
The location of the second cuneiform bone in each foot
61
Define: Ipsilateral
If body is cut vertically, they are on the same side of the body
62
Define: Contralateral
If the body is cut vertically, they are on the opposite side of the body
63
Define: Proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment on the trunk
| ** Used only when talking about limbs
64
Define: Distal
Farther away from the point of attachment on the trunk
| ** Used only when talking about limbs
65
Define: Superficial
Toward or at the surface of your body
66
Define: Deep
Away from the surface of your body
67
Define: Midsagittal plane or median sagittal
Vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right parts
68
Define: Sagittal plane
Vertical line dividing the body into unequal left and right parts
69
Define: Frontal (coronal) plane
A vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
70
Define: Transverse (horizontal) plane
A horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
71
Define: Oblique
A line that passes through the body at an angle (any angle, other than 90)
72
Which does not belong?
| Superior, distal, inferior
Distal
73
Which does not belong?
| Anterior, posterior, deep
Deep
74
Which does not belong?
| Medial, proximal, lateral
Proximal
75
Which does not belong?
| Proximal, distal, ipsilateral
Ipsilateral
76
Which does not belong?
| Dorsal, distal, ventral
Distal
77
The elbow is _____ to the wrist
Proximal
78
The forehead is ______ to the chin
Superior
79
The stomach is _______ to the spine
Anterior (ventral)
80
The heart is _____ to the liver
Superior
81
The liver is _______ to the lungs
Inferior
82
The buttocks are on the _____ side of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
83
The palm is _____ to the elbow
Distal
84
The heart is ____ to the lungs
Medial
85
Which plane divides an organ into superior and inferior parts?
Transverse plane
86
Which plane vertically divides the body into unequal left and right parts?
Sagittal plane
87
Which plane divides an organ into equal left and right parts?
Midsagittal plane
88
Which plane vertically divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal plane
89
What is the cranial cavity?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
Formed by the skull bones, and contains the brain
90
What is the vertebral cavity?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
Formed by the vertebrae of the back bone and contains the spinal cord and the start of spinal nerves
91
What is the thoracic cavity?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
Within the chest
| - Contains the lungs, the heart, thymus, esophagus (digestive system) and trachea (respiratory system)
92
What is the mediastinum?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
It is the central region where all of the organs in the thoracic cavity (heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea), except the lungs, are located
**See p. 18 for pic**
93
How is the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity seperated?
By the diaphragm
94
What are the two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
1) Superior part = Abdominal cavity
| 2) Inferior part = Pelvic cavity
95
What is the Abdominal cavity?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
Contains the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the large intestine
96
What is the Pelvic cavity?
| *pic on p. 17 notes*
Contains the bladder, lowest portion of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs
97
What are the 3 cavities that are totally enclosed regions within the body?
1) Pleural cavity
2) Pericardial cavity
3) Peritoneal cavity
98
What is the Pleural cavity?
The potential space between the membranes
- Contains the lungs and is formed by the visceral pleura (outer surface of the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lines the thoracic cavity)
99
What is the Pericardial cavity?
Contains the heart and is formed by visceral pericardium (inner layer of the heart) and parietal pericardium (outer layer of the heart)
- located within the mediastinum
100
What is the Peritoneal cavity?
The potential space between the parietal peritoneum (lines the abdominopelvic cavity) and visceral peritoneum (formed by the serosa layers of most organs) that is, the two membranes that separate the organs in the abdominal cavity from the abdominal wall.
*Some organs still lie outside the peritoneal cavity, such as kidneys, adrenal glands and pancreas
101
```
Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrants 1&3 - Hypochondriac region
```
hypo= below; chondria= cartilage
| - Below rib cartilage (cartilage is attached to sternum)
102
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Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrant 2 - Epigastric region
```
epi= above (upon); gastric = stomach
| Above your stomach
103
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Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrant 4&6 - Lumbar region
```
Lumbar= back
104
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Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrant 5 - Umbilical region
```
Around belly button
105
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Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrant 7&9 - Iliac(inguinal) region
```
Pelvic (hip) bone
106
```
Abdominopelvic quadrants (9):
Quadrant 8 - Hypogastric (pubic) region
```
Hypo= below; gastric= stomach
| Below stomach
107
How are the quadrants made? 3 type of lines
1) Midclavicular lines - verticles lines down from the midpoint of each clavicle, just medial to the nipples
2) Sub-costal line - horizontal line inferior to rib cage
3) Transtubercular line - horizontal line slightly inferior to tops of hipbones
108
How else can you divide the abdominopelvic cavity?
Into 4 quadrants:
| Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
109
The brain is located in the:
a) Cranial cavity
b) Vertebral cavity
c) Mediastinum
d) Thoracic cavity
a) Cranial cavity
110
The thoracic cavity includes the:
a) Mediastinum and vertebral cavity
b) Cranial cavity and mediastinum
c) Abdominopelvic cavity
d) Mediastinum
d) Mediastinum
111
The lungs are located within the:
a) Mediastinum
b) Thoracic cavity
c) Vertebral cavity
d) Dorsal body cavity
b) Thoracic cavity
