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lll Flashcards

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1
Q

describe breathing in

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

ribs move up and out diaphragm flattens

causes volume of thorax to increase

pressure decreases

so air is drawn into the lungs

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2
Q

describe breathing out

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

ribs move down and in diaphragm moves up

causes the volume of thorax to decrease

pressure increased

air is forced out of lungs

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3
Q

what 3 properties make alveoli efficient for gas transport

A

large surface area

good blood supply - steep concentration gradient

thin surface (one cell thick - short distance for faster diffusion)

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4
Q

what is the name for the upper part of the body

A

thorax

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5
Q

what is the name for the lower part of the body

A

abdomen

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6
Q

what are the veins

A

these carry blood ToWards the heart

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7
Q

what are the capillaries

A

these carry blood close to all Cells

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8
Q

what are the arteries

A

these carry blood Away from the heart

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9
Q

in bright light what happens to the eye muscles

A
  • circular muscles contract
  • radial muscles relax
  • pupil constricts
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10
Q

in dim light what happens to the eye muscles

A
  • circular muscles relax
  • radial muscles contract
  • pupil dilates
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11
Q

what is the Cerebral cortex

A

memory, consciousness, language and intelligence

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12
Q

what is the Cerebullum

A

coordination of all muscular activity

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13
Q

what is the medulla

A

Unconsciousness Activity - heart beat and breathing§

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14
Q

how does the eye focus on an image

A

the cornea bends (or refracts) light

the lens produces further refraction

an image is bought into focus on the retina

optic nerve carries nerve impulses to the brain

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15
Q

what and why is myopia

A

short sightedness

the eyeball is to long
cornea is too curved
light focusses in front of the retina

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16
Q

what and why is hyperopia

A

long sightedness

light focusses behind the retina
eyeball is too short
cornea not curved enough

17
Q

how can myopia be fixed

A

concave lens

18
Q

how can hyperopia be fixed

A

convex lens

19
Q

Far Objects

A

ciliary muscles relax so lens is flatter and thinner

suspensory ligaments tighten

allows light to focus on retina

20
Q

close objects

A

ciliary muscles contract so lens becomes fatter and wider

suspensory ligaments loosen

this allows light to focus on the retina

21
Q

causes of type 2

A

body cells no longer respond to insulin

22
Q

causes of type 1

A

pancreas fails to produce enough insulin

23
Q

how is urine formed in the kidneys

A
  1. Filtration - The kidneys takes

Waste Products
other unwanted substances out of your blood

done by blood passing through the kidney

  1. selective reabsorption - useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood
    - All of the Glucose
    - Some of the water - rest is needed for osmosis
    - Some of the ions - needed by the body by active transport
    - Urea is not Absorbed
  2. formation of urine - molecules that were not re-
    absorbed

continue along the tubule as urine which passes down to be stored in the bladder

later to be released from the urethra

24
Q

what happens in terms of ADH when you drink lots of water

A

brain produces more ADH

high volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

low urine output

water content normal

25
Q

what happens in terms of ADH when don’t drink lots of water

A

brain produces less ADH

low volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

high urine output

water content normal

26
Q

what uses does Auxins have

A

killing weeds

growing from cuttings with rooting powder

growing cells in tissue culture

27
Q

what uses does gibberellin have

A

germination of seeds

can force a seed to germinate earlier than it should

and

encourage plants to flower

and

make fruit grow larger

28
Q

what uses does ethene have

A

controls cell division and the ripening of fruits.

bananas are normally harvested before they are ripe so they can be transported long distances and stored until they are needed

ethene is used to trigger the bananas to ripen just before they are sold in the uk

Biology (8 decks)

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