Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards
what chemical is used to test for starch
iodine solution
what chemical is used to test for glucose
benedicts solution
what chemical is used to test for lipids
ethanol
what chemical is used to test for protein
biuret solution
what colour does iodine go when there is starch present
blue/ black
what colour does benedicts solution go when there is glucose present
tomato red
what colour does ethanol go when there is fat present
water goes milky
what colour does biuret solution go when protein is present
pale purple
what is a non communicable disease
a disease that is not spread from person to person
provide an example of a non communicable disease
coronary heart disease, cancer
what is a risk factor
increases the likelihood of someone getting a non - communicable disease
what is a medical risk factor
substances in the persons body or environment
what is a lifestyle risk factor
aspects of a persons lifestyles
give an example of a medical risk factor
high cholesterol
high blood pressure
diabetes
genetic factors
give an example of a lifestyle risk factor
obesity
smoking
alcohol
high fat diet
describe coronary heart disease
- fatty deposits build up on walls of the coronary arteries
- blood flow is restricted
- so less oxygen reaches heart muscle
- so heart muscle cannot respire
- this results in a heart attack
describe a stent
stents hold open blocked arteries
using a stent increases blood flow
this means more oxygen will reach the heart muscle
so the heart can respire
cons of stents
risk of infection, surgery and blood clotting
pros of stents
blocked arteries are held open, allows blood to flow to the heart
stays in play for a long time
rapid recovery
describe a statin
statins reduce cholesterol
they reduce the build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
how is a statin used
it is a tablet you take instead of a mechanic device
pros of statins
reduces cholesterol, slows down the build up of the fatty deposits, increases blood flow to heart
cons of statins
people forget to take them
needs to be taken long term
side affects
takes a long while work
what is the role of the stomach in digestion
pummels the food with muscular walls
produces the protease enzyme pepsin
produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons
- to kill bacteria
- to give the right ph for protease enzyme to work
what organs are used in digestion
the mouth
the oesophagus,
the stomach,
the small intestine
what is the role of the oesophagus in digestion
the food bolus is pushed down by muscular contractions this is called peristalsis
what is the role of the mouth in digestion
two functions
- chemical digestion
saliva starts the break down of carbohydrates using an enzyme called amylase
amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugary molecules
- mechanical digestion
involves chewing - teeth chop and grind food into smaller pieces
what is the role of the small intestine in digestion
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion
this is also where the digested food absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
what is the role of the large intestine in digestion
excess water is absorbed from the food
what is the role of the liver and gall bladder
liver - where bile is produced bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
gall bladder - where bile is stored before its released into the small intestine
what is the role of the pancreas
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes it releases these into small intestine
what is lipase
break down lipids to fatty acid and gycerol
what is carbohydrase
break down complex sugars to simple sugars
what is protease
break down proteins to amino acids
how does ph have an effect on amylase
in a spotting tile place one drop of iodine in each well
get 3 test tubes, one with 2cm3 of starch solution, one with 2cm3 of amylase solution and finally one with 2cm3 of ph 5 buffer solution
place all three test tubes in a water bath 30 degrees and leave for 10 minutes
combining all three solutions into one test tube mix with a. stirring rod return to water bath and start a stopwatch
after 30 second use a stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution to a well in the spotting tile which contains iodine
the iodine should turn blue black showing starch is present
now take a sample every 30 seconds and continue until the iodine remains orange and record the time
this tells us starch is no longer present
repeat this process several times using different ph buffers eg. 6,7,8
what is diffusion
movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
describe breathing in
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
ribs move up and out diaphragm flattens
causes volume of thorax to increase
pressure decreases
so air is drawn into the lungs
describe breathing out
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
ribs move down and in diaphragm moves up
causes the volume of thorax to decrease
pressure increased
air is forced out of lungs
what does the diaphragm do in inhalation
contract
what does the diaphragm do in exhalation
relax
what do the intercostal muscles do in inhalation
contact
what do the intercostal muscles do in exhalation
relax
what happens to volume in inhalation
increase
what happens to volume in exhalation
decrease
what happens to the pressure in inhalation
decrease
what happens to the pressure in exhalation
increase
what happens to air in inhalation
moves in
what happens to air in exhalation
moves out
what is the site of gas exchange in the lungs
alveoli
where does oxygen diffuse from and to
from the air and into the blood stream
where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and to
from the blood stream and into the air
what 3 properties make alveoli efficient for gas transport
large surface area
good blood supply - steep concentration gradient
thin surface (one cell thick - short distance for faster diffusion)
what is another name for breathing
ventilation
what is the name for the upper part of the body
thorax
what is the name for the lower part of the body
abdomen
what do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm work together to do
change the volume of the lungs
as if you are looking at the heart where is the right atria
the left top chamber of the heart
as if you are looking at the heart where is the left atria
the right top chamber of the heart
as if you are looking at the heart where is the left ventricle
the right bottom chamber of the heart
as if you are looking at the heart where is the right ventricle
the left bottom chamber of the heart
test you self on labelling the heart
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/labelling_interactives/1-label-the-heart
describe the flow of blood around the body
deoxygenated blood enters through the Vena Cava and travels through the right atria and the right ventricle the blood then leaves the pulmonary artery to go the the lungs to get oxygenated
the oxygenated blood enters back into the heart through the pulmonary vein through the left atria and the left ventricle finally the blood flows into the aorta and is pumped around the body
what does the right side of the heart do
only pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
what does the left side of the heart do
pumps blood to the rest of the body
why is the left side of the heart thicker
because the left side of the heart has much more to do
what are the arteries
these carry blood Away from the heart
what are the capillaries
these carry blood close to all Cells
what are the veins
these carry blood ToWards the heart
a healthy pulse rate is what
75 beats per minute 11-12 should be 90 per minute
describe a capillary
carries dissolved substances from blood to cells and tissues
one cell thick
describe a vein
carry blood towards the heart
low pressure
thin muscular and elastic walls
large lumen
has valves
describe an artery
carries blood away from the heart
high pressure
thick muscular and elastic layers
small lumen
what is blood, and what is it made up of
is a tissue and is made up of
white blood cells
red blood cells
plasma
platelets
what is plasma
the liquid part that transports platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells
also carries dissolved substances around like nutrients, urea and hormones
what is a platelet
the wound healing part
made up of small fragments of blood
no nucleas
helps clot blood at the site of a wound
what is a red blood cell
carries oxygen
shape - bioconcave disk
contains haemoglobin
no nucleas, more room for oxygen
what is oxygen mixed with haemoglobin called
oxyhaemoglobin
what is a white blood cell
has a nucleas
much bigger than a red blood cell they defend the body against infection and pathogens
what is a carcinogen
chemical substance that causes cancer
what is cancer
cells that should be stable begin to divide
“ uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells”
what is a tumour
is a swelling that can occur almost anywhere in the body
it is made up of a mass of abnormal cells that divide continuously
what can cause cancer
genetic mutation or by carcinogens
what is a benign tumour
the cells are not cancerous and wont spread
can grow very large but do not destroy surrounding tissue
they may not have to be removed but if it was growing so that it was life threatening it would have to be removed
what is a malignant tumour
the cells are cancerous and can spread to other tissues and organs
they invade the surrounding tissue and their cells can break away and spread to different parts of the body
malignant tumours are usually described as cancer
they may have to be removed of treated by chemo or radio therapy
what is metastasis
the process in which a malignant tumour cell breaks way and spreads to other parts of the body through the blood stream
where they from a secondary tumour
cancer risk factor examples
the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke
exposure to ionising radiation or chemical carcinogens
how are monoclonal antibodies formed
mouse injected with pathogens
lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the pathogen
lymphocytes fuse with cancer cells producing hybridoma cells
this releases lots of antibodies which are then collected
what happens in a pregnancy test
during the early stages of pregnancy a women release a hormone called HCG
small amounts of the hormone pass through the urine
the monoclonal antibodies bind the HCG and cause a colour change showing pregnancy
what a carrier markers
monoclonal antibodies
can act as markers
doctors to identify the cancer cell
injected intravenously into the vein
what is an ELISA
this is a technique used to measure antibodies antigens and proteins in biological samples
the antigen in immobilised
the monoclonal antibody is attached to the antigen
a substrate with an enzyme is added and a reaction can be observed
name some plant physical defences
layers of dead cells around stems
celulose cell wall
tough waxy cutical on leaves
name some chemical defences
antibacterial chemicals
poisons to deter herbivores
name some mechanical defences
roses evolved large thorns
cacti evolved thin spikes
what are drooping leaves
mimosa pudica plant droops when an insects comes close so the plant is harder to eat
what is a mimicry
have dots that look like caterpillar eggs so caterpillars stay away from it
nitrate ions ?
plants use nitrates as a supply of nitrogen
nitrogen is needed to make amino acids and proteins for healthy growth
plants absorb nutrients in water through the roots
nitrates are present in high levels in plant fertilisers
magnesium ions
plants use magnesium ions to make chlorphyll in their leaves
chlorophyll is the green chemical inside the chloropasts
that absorb light for photosynthesis
what is health
look in book
how is a tumour formed
mitosis is when one cell is copied in to two cells
it is tightly controlled genes in the nucleus tell cells when to divid and stop dividing
a tumour is formed when changes take place in these genes, this leads to uncontrolled growth and mitosis
explain some of the treatments of cancer
chemotherapy - drugs re used to destroy cancer cells
can also harm healthy cells
used to cure, control and ease symptoms
radiotherapy - high energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA
