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Biology > Animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

what chemical is used to test for starch

A

iodine solution

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2
Q

what chemical is used to test for glucose

A

benedicts solution

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3
Q

what chemical is used to test for lipids

A

ethanol

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4
Q

what chemical is used to test for protein

A

biuret solution

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5
Q

what colour does iodine go when there is starch present

A

blue/ black

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6
Q

what colour does benedicts solution go when there is glucose present

A

tomato red

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7
Q

what colour does ethanol go when there is fat present

A

water goes milky

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8
Q

what colour does biuret solution go when protein is present

A

pale purple

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9
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from person to person

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10
Q

provide an example of a non communicable disease

A

coronary heart disease, cancer

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11
Q

what is a risk factor

A

increases the likelihood of someone getting a non - communicable disease

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12
Q

what is a medical risk factor

A

substances in the persons body or environment

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13
Q

what is a lifestyle risk factor

A

aspects of a persons lifestyles

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14
Q

give an example of a medical risk factor

A

high cholesterol
high blood pressure
diabetes
genetic factors

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15
Q

give an example of a lifestyle risk factor

A

obesity
smoking
alcohol
high fat diet

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16
Q

describe coronary heart disease

A
  1. fatty deposits build up on walls of the coronary arteries
  2. blood flow is restricted
  3. so less oxygen reaches heart muscle
  4. so heart muscle cannot respire
  5. this results in a heart attack
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17
Q

describe a stent

A

stents hold open blocked arteries
using a stent increases blood flow
this means more oxygen will reach the heart muscle
so the heart can respire

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18
Q

cons of stents

A

risk of infection, surgery and blood clotting

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19
Q

pros of stents

A

blocked arteries are held open, allows blood to flow to the heart
stays in play for a long time
rapid recovery

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20
Q

describe a statin

A

statins reduce cholesterol

they reduce the build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries

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21
Q

how is a statin used

A

it is a tablet you take instead of a mechanic device

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22
Q

pros of statins

A

reduces cholesterol, slows down the build up of the fatty deposits, increases blood flow to heart

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23
Q

cons of statins

A

people forget to take them

needs to be taken long term

side affects

takes a long while work

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24
Q

what is the role of the stomach in digestion

A

pummels the food with muscular walls

produces the protease enzyme pepsin

produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons

  • to kill bacteria
  • to give the right ph for protease enzyme to work
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25
what organs are used in digestion
the mouth the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine
26
what is the role of the oesophagus in digestion
the food bolus is pushed down by muscular contractions this is called peristalsis
27
what is the role of the mouth in digestion
two functions 1. chemical digestion saliva starts the break down of carbohydrates using an enzyme called amylase amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugary molecules 2. mechanical digestion involves chewing - teeth chop and grind food into smaller pieces
28
what is the role of the small intestine in digestion
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion this is also where the digested food absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
29
what is the role of the large intestine in digestion
excess water is absorbed from the food
30
what is the role of the liver and gall bladder
liver - where bile is produced bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats gall bladder - where bile is stored before its released into the small intestine
31
what is the role of the pancreas
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes it releases these into small intestine
32
what is lipase
break down lipids to fatty acid and gycerol
33
what is carbohydrase
break down complex sugars to simple sugars
34
what is protease
break down proteins to amino acids
35
how does ph have an effect on amylase
in a spotting tile place one drop of iodine in each well get 3 test tubes, one with 2cm3 of starch solution, one with 2cm3 of amylase solution and finally one with 2cm3 of ph 5 buffer solution place all three test tubes in a water bath 30 degrees and leave for 10 minutes combining all three solutions into one test tube mix with a. stirring rod return to water bath and start a stopwatch after 30 second use a stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution to a well in the spotting tile which contains iodine the iodine should turn blue black showing starch is present now take a sample every 30 seconds and continue until the iodine remains orange and record the time this tells us starch is no longer present repeat this process several times using different ph buffers eg. 6,7,8
36
what is diffusion
movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
37
describe breathing in
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract ribs move up and out diaphragm flattens causes volume of thorax to increase pressure decreases so air is drawn into the lungs
38
describe breathing out
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax ribs move down and in diaphragm moves up causes the volume of thorax to decrease pressure increased air is forced out of lungs
39
what does the diaphragm do in inhalation
contract
40
what does the diaphragm do in exhalation
relax
41
what do the intercostal muscles do in inhalation
contact
42
what do the intercostal muscles do in exhalation
relax
43
what happens to volume in inhalation
increase
44
what happens to volume in exhalation
decrease
45
what happens to the pressure in inhalation
decrease
46
what happens to the pressure in exhalation
increase
47
what happens to air in inhalation
moves in
48
what happens to air in exhalation
moves out
49
what is the site of gas exchange in the lungs
alveoli
50
where does oxygen diffuse from and to
from the air and into the blood stream
51
where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and to
from the blood stream and into the air
52
what 3 properties make alveoli efficient for gas transport
large surface area good blood supply - steep concentration gradient thin surface (one cell thick - short distance for faster diffusion)
53
what is another name for breathing
ventilation
54
what is the name for the upper part of the body
thorax
55
what is the name for the lower part of the body
abdomen
56
what do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm work together to do
change the volume of the lungs
57
as if you are looking at the heart where is the right atria
the left top chamber of the heart
58
as if you are looking at the heart where is the left atria
the right top chamber of the heart
59
as if you are looking at the heart where is the left ventricle
the right bottom chamber of the heart
60
as if you are looking at the heart where is the right ventricle
the left bottom chamber of the heart
61
test you self on labelling the heart
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/labelling_interactives/1-label-the-heart
62
describe the flow of blood around the body
deoxygenated blood enters through the Vena Cava and travels through the right atria and the right ventricle the blood then leaves the pulmonary artery to go the the lungs to get oxygenated the oxygenated blood enters back into the heart through the pulmonary vein through the left atria and the left ventricle finally the blood flows into the aorta and is pumped around the body
63
what does the right side of the heart do
only pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
64
what does the left side of the heart do
pumps blood to the rest of the body
65
why is the left side of the heart thicker
because the left side of the heart has much more to do
66
what are the arteries
these carry blood Away from the heart
67
what are the capillaries
these carry blood close to all Cells
68
what are the veins
these carry blood ToWards the heart
69
a healthy pulse rate is what
75 beats per minute 11-12 should be 90 per minute
70
describe a capillary
carries dissolved substances from blood to cells and tissues one cell thick
71
describe a vein
carry blood towards the heart low pressure thin muscular and elastic walls large lumen has valves
72
describe an artery
carries blood away from the heart high pressure thick muscular and elastic layers small lumen
73
what is blood, and what is it made up of
is a tissue and is made up of white blood cells red blood cells plasma platelets
74
what is plasma
the liquid part that transports platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells also carries dissolved substances around like nutrients, urea and hormones
75
what is a platelet
the wound healing part made up of small fragments of blood no nucleas helps clot blood at the site of a wound
76
what is a red blood cell
carries oxygen shape - bioconcave disk contains haemoglobin no nucleas, more room for oxygen
77
what is oxygen mixed with haemoglobin called
oxyhaemoglobin
78
what is a white blood cell
has a nucleas much bigger than a red blood cell they defend the body against infection and pathogens
79
what is a carcinogen
chemical substance that causes cancer
80
what is cancer
cells that should be stable begin to divide | " uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells"
81
what is a tumour
is a swelling that can occur almost anywhere in the body it is made up of a mass of abnormal cells that divide continuously
82
what can cause cancer
genetic mutation or by carcinogens
83
what is a benign tumour
the cells are not cancerous and wont spread can grow very large but do not destroy surrounding tissue they may not have to be removed but if it was growing so that it was life threatening it would have to be removed
84
what is a malignant tumour
the cells are cancerous and can spread to other tissues and organs they invade the surrounding tissue and their cells can break away and spread to different parts of the body malignant tumours are usually described as cancer they may have to be removed of treated by chemo or radio therapy
85
what is metastasis
the process in which a malignant tumour cell breaks way and spreads to other parts of the body through the blood stream where they from a secondary tumour
86
cancer risk factor examples
the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke exposure to ionising radiation or chemical carcinogens
87
how are monoclonal antibodies formed
mouse injected with pathogens lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the pathogen lymphocytes fuse with cancer cells producing hybridoma cells this releases lots of antibodies which are then collected
88
what happens in a pregnancy test
during the early stages of pregnancy a women release a hormone called HCG small amounts of the hormone pass through the urine the monoclonal antibodies bind the HCG and cause a colour change showing pregnancy
89
what a carrier markers
monoclonal antibodies can act as markers doctors to identify the cancer cell injected intravenously into the vein
90
what is an ELISA
this is a technique used to measure antibodies antigens and proteins in biological samples the antigen in immobilised the monoclonal antibody is attached to the antigen a substrate with an enzyme is added and a reaction can be observed
91
name some plant physical defences
layers of dead cells around stems celulose cell wall tough waxy cutical on leaves
92
name some chemical defences
antibacterial chemicals poisons to deter herbivores
93
name some mechanical defences
roses evolved large thorns cacti evolved thin spikes
94
what are drooping leaves
mimosa pudica plant droops when an insects comes close so the plant is harder to eat
95
what is a mimicry
have dots that look like caterpillar eggs so caterpillars stay away from it
96
nitrate ions ?
plants use nitrates as a supply of nitrogen nitrogen is needed to make amino acids and proteins for healthy growth plants absorb nutrients in water through the roots nitrates are present in high levels in plant fertilisers
97
magnesium ions
plants use magnesium ions to make chlorphyll in their leaves chlorophyll is the green chemical inside the chloropasts that absorb light for photosynthesis
98
what is health
look in book
99
how is a tumour formed
mitosis is when one cell is copied in to two cells it is tightly controlled genes in the nucleus tell cells when to divid and stop dividing a tumour is formed when changes take place in these genes, this leads to uncontrolled growth and mitosis
100
explain some of the treatments of cancer
chemotherapy - drugs re used to destroy cancer cells can also harm healthy cells used to cure, control and ease symptoms radiotherapy - high energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA

Biology (8 decks)

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