Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what chemical is used to test for starch

A

iodine solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what chemical is used to test for glucose

A

benedicts solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what chemical is used to test for lipids

A

ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what chemical is used to test for protein

A

biuret solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what colour does iodine go when there is starch present

A

blue/ black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what colour does benedicts solution go when there is glucose present

A

tomato red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what colour does ethanol go when there is fat present

A

water goes milky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what colour does biuret solution go when protein is present

A

pale purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

provide an example of a non communicable disease

A

coronary heart disease, cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a risk factor

A

increases the likelihood of someone getting a non - communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a medical risk factor

A

substances in the persons body or environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a lifestyle risk factor

A

aspects of a persons lifestyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give an example of a medical risk factor

A

high cholesterol
high blood pressure
diabetes
genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give an example of a lifestyle risk factor

A

obesity
smoking
alcohol
high fat diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe coronary heart disease

A
  1. fatty deposits build up on walls of the coronary arteries
  2. blood flow is restricted
  3. so less oxygen reaches heart muscle
  4. so heart muscle cannot respire
  5. this results in a heart attack
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe a stent

A

stents hold open blocked arteries
using a stent increases blood flow
this means more oxygen will reach the heart muscle
so the heart can respire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cons of stents

A

risk of infection, surgery and blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pros of stents

A

blocked arteries are held open, allows blood to flow to the heart
stays in play for a long time
rapid recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe a statin

A

statins reduce cholesterol

they reduce the build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is a statin used

A

it is a tablet you take instead of a mechanic device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pros of statins

A

reduces cholesterol, slows down the build up of the fatty deposits, increases blood flow to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cons of statins

A

people forget to take them

needs to be taken long term

side affects

takes a long while work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the role of the stomach in digestion

A

pummels the food with muscular walls

produces the protease enzyme pepsin

produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons

  • to kill bacteria
  • to give the right ph for protease enzyme to work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what organs are used in digestion

A

the mouth
the oesophagus,
the stomach,
the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the role of the oesophagus in digestion

A

the food bolus is pushed down by muscular contractions this is called peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the role of the mouth in digestion

A

two functions

  1. chemical digestion

saliva starts the break down of carbohydrates using an enzyme called amylase

amylase breaks down starch molecules into sugary molecules

  1. mechanical digestion

involves chewing - teeth chop and grind food into smaller pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the role of the small intestine in digestion

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion

this is also where the digested food absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the role of the large intestine in digestion

A

excess water is absorbed from the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the role of the liver and gall bladder

A

liver - where bile is produced bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

gall bladder - where bile is stored before its released into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the role of the pancreas

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes it releases these into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is lipase

A

break down lipids to fatty acid and gycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is carbohydrase

A

break down complex sugars to simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is protease

A

break down proteins to amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how does ph have an effect on amylase

A

in a spotting tile place one drop of iodine in each well

get 3 test tubes, one with 2cm3 of starch solution, one with 2cm3 of amylase solution and finally one with 2cm3 of ph 5 buffer solution

place all three test tubes in a water bath 30 degrees and leave for 10 minutes

combining all three solutions into one test tube mix with a. stirring rod return to water bath and start a stopwatch

after 30 second use a stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution to a well in the spotting tile which contains iodine

the iodine should turn blue black showing starch is present

now take a sample every 30 seconds and continue until the iodine remains orange and record the time

this tells us starch is no longer present

repeat this process several times using different ph buffers eg. 6,7,8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe breathing in

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

ribs move up and out diaphragm flattens

causes volume of thorax to increase

pressure decreases

so air is drawn into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe breathing out

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

ribs move down and in diaphragm moves up

causes the volume of thorax to decrease

pressure increased

air is forced out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the diaphragm do in inhalation

A

contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the diaphragm do in exhalation

A

relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do in inhalation

A

contact

42
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do in exhalation

A

relax

43
Q

what happens to volume in inhalation

A

increase

44
Q

what happens to volume in exhalation

A

decrease

45
Q

what happens to the pressure in inhalation

A

decrease

46
Q

what happens to the pressure in exhalation

A

increase

47
Q

what happens to air in inhalation

A

moves in

48
Q

what happens to air in exhalation

A

moves out

49
Q

what is the site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

alveoli

50
Q

where does oxygen diffuse from and to

A

from the air and into the blood stream

51
Q

where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and to

A

from the blood stream and into the air

52
Q

what 3 properties make alveoli efficient for gas transport

A

large surface area

good blood supply - steep concentration gradient

thin surface (one cell thick - short distance for faster diffusion)

53
Q

what is another name for breathing

A

ventilation

54
Q

what is the name for the upper part of the body

A

thorax

55
Q

what is the name for the lower part of the body

A

abdomen

56
Q

what do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm work together to do

A

change the volume of the lungs

57
Q

as if you are looking at the heart where is the right atria

A

the left top chamber of the heart

58
Q

as if you are looking at the heart where is the left atria

A

the right top chamber of the heart

59
Q

as if you are looking at the heart where is the left ventricle

A

the right bottom chamber of the heart

60
Q

as if you are looking at the heart where is the right ventricle

A

the left bottom chamber of the heart

61
Q

test you self on labelling the heart

A

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/labelling_interactives/1-label-the-heart

62
Q

describe the flow of blood around the body

A

deoxygenated blood enters through the Vena Cava and travels through the right atria and the right ventricle the blood then leaves the pulmonary artery to go the the lungs to get oxygenated

the oxygenated blood enters back into the heart through the pulmonary vein through the left atria and the left ventricle finally the blood flows into the aorta and is pumped around the body

63
Q

what does the right side of the heart do

A

only pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen

64
Q

what does the left side of the heart do

A

pumps blood to the rest of the body

65
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker

A

because the left side of the heart has much more to do

66
Q

what are the arteries

A

these carry blood Away from the heart

67
Q

what are the capillaries

A

these carry blood close to all Cells

68
Q

what are the veins

A

these carry blood ToWards the heart

69
Q

a healthy pulse rate is what

A

75 beats per minute 11-12 should be 90 per minute

70
Q

describe a capillary

A

carries dissolved substances from blood to cells and tissues

one cell thick

71
Q

describe a vein

A

carry blood towards the heart

low pressure

thin muscular and elastic walls

large lumen

has valves

72
Q

describe an artery

A

carries blood away from the heart

high pressure

thick muscular and elastic layers

small lumen

73
Q

what is blood, and what is it made up of

A

is a tissue and is made up of

white blood cells

red blood cells

plasma

platelets

74
Q

what is plasma

A

the liquid part that transports platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells

also carries dissolved substances around like nutrients, urea and hormones

75
Q

what is a platelet

A

the wound healing part

made up of small fragments of blood

no nucleas

helps clot blood at the site of a wound

76
Q

what is a red blood cell

A

carries oxygen

shape - bioconcave disk

contains haemoglobin

no nucleas, more room for oxygen

77
Q

what is oxygen mixed with haemoglobin called

A

oxyhaemoglobin

78
Q

what is a white blood cell

A

has a nucleas

much bigger than a red blood cell they defend the body against infection and pathogens

79
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

chemical substance that causes cancer

80
Q

what is cancer

A

cells that should be stable begin to divide

“ uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells”

81
Q

what is a tumour

A

is a swelling that can occur almost anywhere in the body

it is made up of a mass of abnormal cells that divide continuously

82
Q

what can cause cancer

A

genetic mutation or by carcinogens

83
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

the cells are not cancerous and wont spread

can grow very large but do not destroy surrounding tissue

they may not have to be removed but if it was growing so that it was life threatening it would have to be removed

84
Q

what is a malignant tumour

A

the cells are cancerous and can spread to other tissues and organs

they invade the surrounding tissue and their cells can break away and spread to different parts of the body

malignant tumours are usually described as cancer

they may have to be removed of treated by chemo or radio therapy

85
Q

what is metastasis

A

the process in which a malignant tumour cell breaks way and spreads to other parts of the body through the blood stream

where they from a secondary tumour

86
Q

cancer risk factor examples

A

the chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke

exposure to ionising radiation or chemical carcinogens

87
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies formed

A

mouse injected with pathogens

lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the pathogen

lymphocytes fuse with cancer cells producing hybridoma cells

this releases lots of antibodies which are then collected

88
Q

what happens in a pregnancy test

A

during the early stages of pregnancy a women release a hormone called HCG

small amounts of the hormone pass through the urine

the monoclonal antibodies bind the HCG and cause a colour change showing pregnancy

89
Q

what a carrier markers

A

monoclonal antibodies

can act as markers

doctors to identify the cancer cell

injected intravenously into the vein

90
Q

what is an ELISA

A

this is a technique used to measure antibodies antigens and proteins in biological samples

the antigen in immobilised

the monoclonal antibody is attached to the antigen

a substrate with an enzyme is added and a reaction can be observed

91
Q

name some plant physical defences

A

layers of dead cells around stems

celulose cell wall

tough waxy cutical on leaves

92
Q

name some chemical defences

A

antibacterial chemicals

poisons to deter herbivores

93
Q

name some mechanical defences

A

roses evolved large thorns

cacti evolved thin spikes

94
Q

what are drooping leaves

A

mimosa pudica plant droops when an insects comes close so the plant is harder to eat

95
Q

what is a mimicry

A

have dots that look like caterpillar eggs so caterpillars stay away from it

96
Q

nitrate ions ?

A

plants use nitrates as a supply of nitrogen

nitrogen is needed to make amino acids and proteins for healthy growth

plants absorb nutrients in water through the roots

nitrates are present in high levels in plant fertilisers

97
Q

magnesium ions

A

plants use magnesium ions to make chlorphyll in their leaves

chlorophyll is the green chemical inside the chloropasts
that absorb light for photosynthesis

98
Q

what is health

A

look in book

99
Q

how is a tumour formed

A

mitosis is when one cell is copied in to two cells

it is tightly controlled genes in the nucleus tell cells when to divid and stop dividing

a tumour is formed when changes take place in these genes, this leads to uncontrolled growth and mitosis

100
Q

explain some of the treatments of cancer

A

chemotherapy - drugs re used to destroy cancer cells

can also harm healthy cells

used to cure, control and ease symptoms

radiotherapy - high energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions