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Large Animal Theory I > Livestock Reproduction > Flashcards

Livestock Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process where animals are chosen with desirable traits and intentiaonally bred with the hope of producing offspring with desirable characteristics or even improved traits?

A

selective breeding

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2
Q

What is mating two animals that are closely related?

A

inbreeding

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3
Q

In what breeding style do both parents have multiple occurrences of the same common ancestor in their lineage?

A

linebreeding

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4
Q

What is a group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when mated to each other, produce young like themselves?

A

breed

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5
Q

What is amating a sire of one breed to a dam of another breed?

A

crossbreeding

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6
Q

What is a cross of Brahman and Angus called?

A

Brangus

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7
Q

What is heterosis?

A

genetic diversity

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8
Q

Hybrid vigor occurs as a result of what?

A

cross breeding

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9
Q

What is the benefit of hybrid vigor?

A

increased performance

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10
Q

What is mating two animals from the same breed?

A

purbreeding

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11
Q

What is a grade animal?

A

animal with no known lineage/breed

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12
Q

What is breeding two animals of distinct lineages within the same breed, where no common ancestor is found?

A

outcrossing

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13
Q

What is breeding a grade animal to a purebred animal?

A

grading up

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14
Q

Grading up may in crease the waht of a herd?

A

value

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15
Q

What are four undesirable traits in breeding large animals that may make an animal unfit for breeding?

A

entropion
cryptochism
cleft palate
limb deformities

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16
Q

What kind of estrous cycle does livestock have?

A

seasonally polyestrous

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17
Q

What is the estroys cycle type in which more than one strous cycle within a certain season occurs, until the animal becomes pregnant or anestrus begins?

A

seasonal polyestrous

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18
Q

Hormones can be used in livestock to do what in terms of breeding?

A

synchronize estrous cycles

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19
Q

What hormone level drops during proestrus?

A

progesterone

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20
Q

What hormone level increased during proestrus?

A

estradiol

GnRH

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21
Q

GnRh

A

Gonadotrpin-Releasing Hormone

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22
Q

What develops during proestrus?

A

Follicle

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23
Q

What is another name for estrus in livestock?

A

standing heat

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24
Q

What occurs to the follicle during estrus

?

A

reaches maximum growth

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25
What hormone peaks at estrus?
LH
26
LH
lutenizing hormone
27
What does LH trigger?
ovulation
28
What is formed during metaestrus?
CL
29
CL
corpus luteum
30
What hormone level begins to rise during metaestrus?
progesterone
31
What reaches maximum size during diestrus?
CL
32
What hormone occurs in high levels in circulation during diestrus?
progesterone
33
At the end of diestrus what occurs to the CL if no pregnancy signal is detected?
lyses
34
If no preganancy is detected what is released to bind to the CL and cause cell death?
prostaglandins
35
The lysing and death of the CL triggers the release of what during diestrus?
oxytocin
36
The release of oxytocin as a result of lysing of CL causes further release of what during diestrus?
prostaglandin
37
What is used to shorten the AI breeding season, predict interals facilitating AI in females, reduce time and labor required to detect estrus, increases chances of successful pregnancies, allows for early parturition, and allows for improved group monitoring of females in a breeding program?
estrous synchronization products
38
Lutalyse contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
39
Estrumate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
40
ProstaMate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2lalpha
41
In Synch contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
42
Cystorelin contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
43
Factrel contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
44
Fertagyl contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
45
Melengestrol Acetate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
progesterone analog
46
EAZI-BREED CIDR Cattle Insert contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
progesterone
47
What exam is used to evaluate livestock for breeding, asses fertility, identify conditions that may decrease fertility, diagnose venereal diseases, and is performed just before the breeding season?
breeding soundness exam
48
What is evaluated in most males during a breeding soundness exam?
penis scrotum prepuce/sheath testicles
49
What sedative may cause complications in males during a breeding soundness exam?
phenothiazines
50
What is measured in circumferential fashion during a breeding soundness exam in males?
scrotal circumference
51
What are the three indications for semen collection?
breeding soundness exam reproductive tract health/disease evaluation artificial insemination
52
What are the three primary methods for collecting semen from livestock?
electroejaculation artificial vagina manual/natural stimulation
53
What portions of the reproductive tract are evaluated in females during a breeding soundness exam?
vagina ovaries uterus cervix
54
What laboratory procedure may be used to evaluate hormone levels in females during breeding soundness exams?
bloodwork
55
In what single species is it common to examine females for breeding soundness?
horses
56
In what four species is AI commonly used?
horses cattle dairy goats swine
57
AI
artificial insemination
58
Do all registries accept individuals bred via AI?
no
59
What what species is enbryo transfer done most commonly?
cattle
60
In what process is a single female superovulated and bred, then harvested for embryos?
embryo transfer
61
By what methods can embryos be collected from a donor female during the embryo transfer process?
uterine flushing catheter Foley catheter surgical removal
62
Rectal palpation can be used to detect estrus in what species?
cattle | horses
63
Vaginal examinationcan be used to detect estrus in what species?
horses
64
Diagnostic ultrasound via rectum can be used to detect estrus in what species?
cattle | horses
65
Is observation of standing heat acceptable as a way to detect estrus?
yes
66
Isvaginal cytology acceptable as a way to detect estrus?
yes
67
Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in horses?
18-21 days | 28 days
68
Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in cattle?
25-30 days
69
Sheep can be detected for estrus by the use of what in terms of rectal palpation?
palation rod
70
When can sheep be checked for pregnancy via rectal palation rod?
60 days
71
Is rectal palpation for pregnancy detection reccomended in swine and goats?
no
72
Rectal ultrasound can be used in horses to detect pregnancy how many days after breeding?
10-12 days 150 days 270 days
73
Is rectal ultrasound more or less reliable than rectal palpation for detection of pregnancy?
more reliable
74
Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle at what day?
12 days
75
Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what day?
18 days
76
Transabdominal ultrasound can used to detect pregnancy in horses only after what day?
80
77
Transabdominal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle only after what day?
60
78
The droppler can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what days?
35-40 days
79
The doppler can be used to detect pregnancy in swine best after how many days?
22 days
80
What is the pressing of one's dist against the lower flank followed by an rapid inward push and subquescent feeling for rebound of the fetus in livestock?
ballotement
81
What is another name for ballotement?
bumping
82
Is balootement a relicable and accurate way of pregnancy detection?
no
83
In female large animals a swollen vulva, relaxation of tailhead and hindquarters, mucous discharge, and udder enlargement indicates what?
parturition onset
84
What occurs to a part of the reproductive tract of a female during stage 1 labor?
cervix dilates
85
What occurences characterize stage 2 labor?
``` water breaking fetus expulsed (birth) ```
86
What occurs during stage 3 labor?
placenta is passed
87
What may be three causes originating from the fetus that may cause distocia?
malformed fetus too large fetus abnormal position of fetus
88
What may be four causes originating from the dam that may cause distocia?
small birth canal uterine torsion supporting structure rupture old or young in age dam
89
What is a critical factor is a dystocia situation?
time
90
What kind of chemical restraint may be used during dystocia?
epidural anesthesia
91
What are the three treatments for dystocia?
mutation & delivery by traction fetotomy cesarian section
92
Can mutation and traction devices for cattle be used on horses?
no
93
What are three instruments used during mutation and traction of the fetus during dystocia?
calf jack OB snare OB chains/handles
94
When is a fetotomy performed?
fetus is dead
95
How many cuts are usually needed to perform a fetotomy?
1-3
96
We must be careful to protect what during a fetotomy?
dam's reprocutive tract
97
What instruments can be used to perform a fetotomy?
fetotome gigli wire saw fetotomy hooks/sanres
98
Is c-section common in ruminants?
yes
99
A c-section is often performed to prevement what in the at risk dam?
pregnancy toxemia
100
Who decides whether a c-section should be performed?
vet

Large Animal Theory I (25 decks)

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