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Large Animal Theory I > Livestock Reproduction > Flashcards

Livestock Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process where animals are chosen with desirable traits and intentiaonally bred with the hope of producing offspring with desirable characteristics or even improved traits?

A

selective breeding

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2
Q

What is mating two animals that are closely related?

A

inbreeding

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3
Q

In what breeding style do both parents have multiple occurrences of the same common ancestor in their lineage?

A

linebreeding

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4
Q

What is a group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when mated to each other, produce young like themselves?

A

breed

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5
Q

What is amating a sire of one breed to a dam of another breed?

A

crossbreeding

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6
Q

What is a cross of Brahman and Angus called?

A

Brangus

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7
Q

What is heterosis?

A

genetic diversity

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8
Q

Hybrid vigor occurs as a result of what?

A

cross breeding

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9
Q

What is the benefit of hybrid vigor?

A

increased performance

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10
Q

What is mating two animals from the same breed?

A

purbreeding

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11
Q

What is a grade animal?

A

animal with no known lineage/breed

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12
Q

What is breeding two animals of distinct lineages within the same breed, where no common ancestor is found?

A

outcrossing

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13
Q

What is breeding a grade animal to a purebred animal?

A

grading up

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14
Q

Grading up may in crease the waht of a herd?

A

value

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15
Q

What are four undesirable traits in breeding large animals that may make an animal unfit for breeding?

A

entropion
cryptochism
cleft palate
limb deformities

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16
Q

What kind of estrous cycle does livestock have?

A

seasonally polyestrous

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17
Q

What is the estroys cycle type in which more than one strous cycle within a certain season occurs, until the animal becomes pregnant or anestrus begins?

A

seasonal polyestrous

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18
Q

Hormones can be used in livestock to do what in terms of breeding?

A

synchronize estrous cycles

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19
Q

What hormone level drops during proestrus?

A

progesterone

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20
Q

What hormone level increased during proestrus?

A

estradiol

GnRH

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21
Q

GnRh

A

Gonadotrpin-Releasing Hormone

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22
Q

What develops during proestrus?

A

Follicle

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23
Q

What is another name for estrus in livestock?

A

standing heat

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24
Q

What occurs to the follicle during estrus

?

A

reaches maximum growth

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25
Q

What hormone peaks at estrus?

A

LH

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26
Q

LH

A

lutenizing hormone

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27
Q

What does LH trigger?

A

ovulation

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28
Q

What is formed during metaestrus?

A

CL

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29
Q

CL

A

corpus luteum

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30
Q

What hormone level begins to rise during metaestrus?

A

progesterone

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31
Q

What reaches maximum size during diestrus?

A

CL

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32
Q

What hormone occurs in high levels in circulation during diestrus?

A

progesterone

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33
Q

At the end of diestrus what occurs to the CL if no pregnancy signal is detected?

A

lyses

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34
Q

If no preganancy is detected what is released to bind to the CL and cause cell death?

A

prostaglandins

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35
Q

The lysing and death of the CL triggers the release of what during diestrus?

A

oxytocin

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36
Q

The release of oxytocin as a result of lysing of CL causes further release of what during diestrus?

A

prostaglandin

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37
Q

What is used to shorten the AI breeding season, predict interals facilitating AI in females, reduce time and labor required to detect estrus, increases chances of successful pregnancies, allows for early parturition, and allows for improved group monitoring of females in a breeding program?

A

estrous synchronization products

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38
Q

Lutalyse contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

prostaglandin F2alpha

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39
Q

Estrumate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

prostaglandin F2alpha

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40
Q

ProstaMate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

prostaglandin F2lalpha

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41
Q

In Synch contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

prostaglandin F2alpha

42
Q

Cystorelin contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

GnRH

43
Q

Factrel contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

GnRH

44
Q

Fertagyl contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

GnRH

45
Q

Melengestrol Acetate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

progesterone analog

46
Q

EAZI-BREED CIDR Cattle Insert contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?

A

progesterone

47
Q

What exam is used to evaluate livestock for breeding, asses fertility, identify conditions that may decrease fertility, diagnose venereal diseases, and is performed just before the breeding season?

A

breeding soundness exam

48
Q

What is evaluated in most males during a breeding soundness exam?

A

penis
scrotum
prepuce/sheath
testicles

49
Q

What sedative may cause complications in males during a breeding soundness exam?

A

phenothiazines

50
Q

What is measured in circumferential fashion during a breeding soundness exam in males?

A

scrotal circumference

51
Q

What are the three indications for semen collection?

A

breeding soundness exam
reproductive tract health/disease evaluation
artificial insemination

52
Q

What are the three primary methods for collecting semen from livestock?

A

electroejaculation
artificial vagina
manual/natural stimulation

53
Q

What portions of the reproductive tract are evaluated in females during a breeding soundness exam?

A

vagina
ovaries
uterus
cervix

54
Q

What laboratory procedure may be used to evaluate hormone levels in females during breeding soundness exams?

A

bloodwork

55
Q

In what single species is it common to examine females for breeding soundness?

A

horses

56
Q

In what four species is AI commonly used?

A

horses
cattle
dairy goats
swine

57
Q

AI

A

artificial insemination

58
Q

Do all registries accept individuals bred via AI?

A

no

59
Q

What what species is enbryo transfer done most commonly?

A

cattle

60
Q

In what process is a single female superovulated and bred, then harvested for embryos?

A

embryo transfer

61
Q

By what methods can embryos be collected from a donor female during the embryo transfer process?

A

uterine flushing catheter
Foley catheter
surgical removal

62
Q

Rectal palpation can be used to detect estrus in what species?

A

cattle

horses

63
Q

Vaginal examinationcan be used to detect estrus in what species?

A

horses

64
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound via rectum can be used to detect estrus in what species?

A

cattle

horses

65
Q

Is observation of standing heat acceptable as a way to detect estrus?

A

yes

66
Q

Isvaginal cytology acceptable as a way to detect estrus?

A

yes

67
Q

Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in horses?

A

18-21 days

28 days

68
Q

Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in cattle?

A

25-30 days

69
Q

Sheep can be detected for estrus by the use of what in terms of rectal palpation?

A

palation rod

70
Q

When can sheep be checked for pregnancy via rectal palation rod?

A

60 days

71
Q

Is rectal palpation for pregnancy detection reccomended in swine and goats?

A

no

72
Q

Rectal ultrasound can be used in horses to detect pregnancy how many days after breeding?

A

10-12 days
150 days
270 days

73
Q

Is rectal ultrasound more or less reliable than rectal palpation for detection of pregnancy?

A

more reliable

74
Q

Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle at what day?

A

12 days

75
Q

Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what day?

A

18 days

76
Q

Transabdominal ultrasound can used to detect pregnancy in horses only after what day?

A

80

77
Q

Transabdominal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle only after what day?

A

60

78
Q

The droppler can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what days?

A

35-40 days

79
Q

The doppler can be used to detect pregnancy in swine best after how many days?

A

22 days

80
Q

What is the pressing of one’s dist against the lower flank followed by an rapid inward push and subquescent feeling for rebound of the fetus in livestock?

A

ballotement

81
Q

What is another name for ballotement?

A

bumping

82
Q

Is balootement a relicable and accurate way of pregnancy detection?

A

no

83
Q

In female large animals a swollen vulva, relaxation of tailhead and hindquarters, mucous discharge, and udder enlargement indicates what?

A

parturition onset

84
Q

What occurs to a part of the reproductive tract of a female during stage 1 labor?

A

cervix dilates

85
Q

What occurences characterize stage 2 labor?

A 
water breaking
fetus expulsed (birth)
86
Q

What occurs during stage 3 labor?

A

placenta is passed

87
Q

What may be three causes originating from the fetus that may cause distocia?

A

malformed fetus
too large fetus
abnormal position of fetus

88
Q

What may be four causes originating from the dam that may cause distocia?

A

small birth canal
uterine torsion
supporting structure rupture
old or young in age dam

89
Q

What is a critical factor is a dystocia situation?

A

time

90
Q

What kind of chemical restraint may be used during dystocia?

A

epidural anesthesia

91
Q

What are the three treatments for dystocia?

A

mutation & delivery by traction
fetotomy
cesarian section

92
Q

Can mutation and traction devices for cattle be used on horses?

A

no

93
Q

What are three instruments used during mutation and traction of the fetus during dystocia?

A

calf jack
OB snare
OB chains/handles

94
Q

When is a fetotomy performed?

A

fetus is dead

95
Q

How many cuts are usually needed to perform a fetotomy?

A

1-3

96
Q

We must be careful to protect what during a fetotomy?

A

dam’s reprocutive tract

97
Q

What instruments can be used to perform a fetotomy?

A

fetotome
gigli wire saw
fetotomy hooks/sanres

98
Q

Is c-section common in ruminants?

A

yes

99
Q

A c-section is often performed to prevement what in the at risk dam?

A

pregnancy toxemia

100
Q

Who decides whether a c-section should be performed?

A

vet

Large Animal Theory I (25 decks)

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