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ANSC 107 > Livestock Production Systems > Flashcards

Livestock Production Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the beef cattle industry?

A

Cow-Calf—>Stocker —-> Feedlot —-> Seedstock

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2
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1880

A

-Cattle drives mainly longhorn
- the meat was extremely tough

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3
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1950- 1960

A

-Grain Feeding

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4
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1965

A
  • Breeds revolution
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5
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1970

A
  • Beef feedlot industry begins
    -brought Bos Taurus continental breeds
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6
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1965- 1975

A
  • Peak cattle numbers
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7
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1976 - 1995

A
  • Decrease in demand
  • Health= people realized it was unhealthy because of too much fat
  • Quality= Made them to lean to try to combat health issue but made the meat tough. The animals used were also not efficient.
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8
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 1995- 2005

A
  • Emphasis on what consumers want
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9
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 2005

A
  • Emphasis on quality and food safety: trust in brands ( branded products) and quality issues
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10
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 2010

A
  • Ready to eat products: more women began to work which met less cooking so high demand for made-to-eat food ( big advancement )
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11
Q

Beef Cattle Timeline: 2012

A
  • Supply/feed
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12
Q

Cow- Calf

A
  • Large range of production in which producers maintain cow herd year-round - market calves, retain replacement females, over 90% use bull instead of A.I.
  • Cow converts low-quality forage into high quality product = calf
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13
Q

In the cow- calf stage efficiency is based on ?

A
  • Pounds of product produced per cow ( 300-700 # sold at 6-10 months of age )
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14
Q

What happens to the genetic of a cow in the cow- Calf stage?

A
  • genetics are blended leading to a lack of uniformity
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15
Q

What are the selection goal in the cow-calf stage?

A
  • Fertility
  • Weaning weight
  • cow efficiency
  • Adaptability
  • Quality products produced efficiently
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16
Q

What is the weaning weight of cattle to get into the stocker stage ?

A

600-850 Lbs

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17
Q

Stocker

A
  • Growing phase after calves are weaned and before feedlot
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18
Q

Feedlot

A
  • Animals confined and feed high energy diets
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19
Q

Seedstock

A
  • Provides genetics for commercial producers
  • Specialized cow-calf system ( calves developed to breeding age)
  • High investment facilities and management
  • Advertised: show ring, magazines, etc.
  • Develops extremities of emphasis on particular traits of selection
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20
Q

What are the determining factors as where cattle go for the stocker stage?

A
  • Weaning weight
  • Weather
  • Grain Prices
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21
Q

What is the diet feed to the cattle in the stocker stage ?

A
  • Roughage based diets with available forage
  • Can use cheap gain like wheat pastures to improve pasture and silage
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22
Q

Beef cattle are lightweight and thin at what stage of industry?

A

Stocker

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23
Q

What are the selection factors for beef cattle in the stocker stage?

A
  • Price
  • Growth Potential
  • Health
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24
Q

What diet is feed in feedlot stage of the beef industry?

A
  • High energy ( concentrate) diet like corn and milo
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25
Q

What is feed to the cattle in the feedlot stage to keep prices down?

A
  • Feed by-products
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26
Q

Normally ____ - ____ days on feed to reach _____#.

A

120 - 150 days 1100#

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27
Q

Where are feedlot located and why?

A
  • Located in dry areas close to resources
  • Helps prevent diseases
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28
Q

What are the profit potential for the feedlot stage in beef industry?

A
  • ADG
  • Feed efficiency
  • Health : death loss
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29
Q

What are the factors that influence the value in feedlot stage?

A
  • Quality
  • Yield
  • Dressing %
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30
Q

How many heads make up a commercial feedlots in the beef industry?

A

> than 1000 heads
- 87% are them
- many feeding options

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31
Q

How many heads make up a farmer feedlot in the beef industry?

A

< than 1000 heads

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32
Q

Cactus Feeders

A
  • 520,000 hd
  • 10 feed yards in Tx and KS
  • 25,000 hd in Argentina
  • Market over 1 million hd per year
  • inventory turns 2 times in a year
  • 20,000 animals per week are harvested
  • 2.1 million tons of feed per year
  • 1 out of 26 hd fed by cactus
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33
Q

What are the beef cattle issues and misconceptions?

A
  • Food safety
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(BSE)
  • Hormonal Implants/ Growth Promotants
  • Fed Additives
  • Antibiotics
  • Organic vs. Normal
  • Grain vs Grass Fed
  • Industry Integration
  • Imports
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34
Q

What are the top dairy breeds?

A
  • Holstein
  • Jersey
  • Brown Swiss
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35
Q

How many dairy farms are in the US?

A

42,000

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36
Q

What is the average herd size for dairy cows?

A

187

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37
Q

What percent of dairy farms are family owned and operated?

A

95%

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38
Q

How long does it take for milk to travel from the farms to the store?

A

48 hours

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39
Q

The dairy industry is the most _____ ______ _____.

A

highly specialized industry.

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40
Q

What state is 5th in dairy production and the number of cows?

A

Texas

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41
Q

Where are high production areas located?

A

Located near high population centers

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42
Q

What are the leading counties in Texas?

A
  • Castro: Dimmitt
  • Deaf Smith: Hereford
  • Erath: Stephenville
  • Hartley: Dalhart
  • Parmer: Farwell- Southwestern Panhandle
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43
Q

What has changed in the diary industry?

A
  • Genetics
    ( Artificial Insemination and Geonomics)
  • Feeds
  • Health
  • Management
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44
Q

What does a cow producing 100 lbs of milk excrete per day?

A

Milk
- 100lbs of milk (13 lbs of dairy)
-4.9 lbs of lactose( sugar)
- 3.6 lbs of milk fat
- 3.1 lbs of milk true protein
Waste Products
- 190lbs of total waste
- 60-70 lbs of urine
- 120-130lbs fecal material

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45
Q

Where are replacement heifers raised?

A

In feedlot or pasture settings until they are ready to be moved into the dairy herd.

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46
Q

When are replacement heifers bred?

A

They are bred around 15 months of age and begin processing milk 9 months later( 2 years of age)

47
Q

How many times a day are cows milked after calving?

A

2-3 times

48
Q

When are calves removed from the cow?

A

After 1- 2 days

49
Q

What are male calfs used for after birth?

A

males are typically used for veal or raised as slaughter steers.

50
Q

What are heifers kept for?

A

Kept to become replacements or used for meat

51
Q

About when are cows dried off in preparation for their next calf to be born?

A

60 days before they give birth again

52
Q

What is the average production of a dairy cow and what happens to them after?

A
  • the cycle is 5- 7 years
  • animals are processed for meat
53
Q

What happens to the calf after it is born?

A
  • ensured the adequate quality of and quantity of colostrum
  • they are bottle-fed
    -milk and starter ration until weaning( around 3 months )
54
Q

What are calf health issues?

A
  • calf scours( caused by bacteria)
  • Pneumonia( respiratory disease)
55
Q

How can calf health issues be prevented?

A

By maintaining clean and sanitary conditions and insuring adequate colostrum intake

56
Q

What are the 4 main cow health issues?

A
  • Mastitis
  • Ketosis
  • Milk fever
  • rebreeding difficulties during lactation
57
Q

Mastitis

A
  • The inflammation of the udder caused by bacterial infection
58
Q

What cow health issue is the number 1 cause of economic loss?

A

Mastitis

59
Q

Ketosis

A
  • Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (not enough energy)
  • normal seen after 4-6 weeks after parturition
60
Q

Milk fever

A
  • low-blood calcium causing muscle weakness at/or near calving
61
Q

What are the stages of lactation?

A
  • Stage 1: Early lactation
  • Stage 2: Mid Lactation
  • Stage 3: Late Lactation
  • Stage: Dry period
62
Q

Early lactation is ____ -____ days

A

1-100 days

63
Q

Mid Lactation is ___-___ days

A

100-200 days

64
Q

Late Lactation is ____-____ days

A

200- 305 days

65
Q

Stage 1 - Early lactation

A
  • Are the most important days as they set the stage for the remainder of lactation
  • The time and production level at which a cow peaks determines her production potential.
  • For each 1 lb increase at peak lactation, add 200lbs to total lactation
66
Q

What is a common problem during early lactation?

A

The cow goes through physiological stress because she is in a negative energy balance due to high energy demand.

67
Q

Stage 2- Mid Lactation

A
  • production can be expected to decrease by 7% a month
  • Average milk production in stage 2 should be at least 80% of stage 1.
  • recover body weight
  • increase butterfat in milk
  • decrease dry matter intake 5-7% after peaking DMI
68
Q

What is a common problem during mid-lactation?

A

Cows are rebred during this time of positive energy balance if they have not already rebred before because of milk production will drop further toward the end of lactation if they are not ready to be dried off.

69
Q

What are the reasons for drying off?

A
  • Allows time for the tissue in the udder to repair itself
  • Allows the cow to regain body condition
  • It completes the development of her calf in the uterus
70
Q

Stage 4- Drying off

A
  • Nutritional needs are decreased
  • As the fetus continues to grow the dry matter intake starts to decrease
  • Energy balance declines during the last 30 days of gestation
71
Q

Where do large dairy farms typically reside?

A
  • Located in dry climates
72
Q

How many cows do a typical small dairy farm have?

A
  • 100-300 cows ( 30 dry, 30 Heifers , 25 calves)
73
Q

What is a parallel( side by side) parlor?

A
  • A 90- degree angle facing away from the operator area
  • Access to the udder is between the rear legs ( reduces the visibility of front quarters)
  • Walking distance is shorter than herringbone parlor
  • Most parlors use rapid exist stall fronts and use dual return lanes
74
Q

What is a herringbone( Fishbone) parlor?

A
  • Most common parlor type in the US for “ small “ parlors
  • Elevated platforms in an angled or herringbone fashion facing away from the operator area
75
Q

What is a rotary( carousel, Turnstile) parlor?

A
  • cow movements are largely automated
  • work routine is very regimented and uniform ( makes milking efficient and consistent)
  • Require 3 operators
76
Q

What are the 3 required operators for the rotary parlor?

A
  1. one for unit attachment
  2. one to detach units and/or apply post milking teat drip
  3. one to tend to any problems occurring while cows are traveling around
77
Q

What are the negatives of the rotary parlor?

A
  • it is not expandable
  • difficult to provide any special cow care on rotary platform
78
Q

Rotary parlors are best suited to _____ _____.

A

larger herds( > 1000 cows)

79
Q

Goat timeline: 1920- 1990

A
  • Angora and Spanish goats were predominat
80
Q

Goat timeline: 1990-2000

A

Introduction of Boar goats from South Africa
- decrease in mohair prices
- decrease in Angora goat numbers
- Decrease in Spanish goat numbers due to cross-breeding with boar goats.

81
Q

Goat timeline: 2001-current

A

Boar goat predominant in meat production
- dairy goats increase as a niche market
- environmentally friendly

82
Q

Where does sheep and goats production happen?

A
  • large operation in arid and semi-arid land
  • Mountain areas on public land ( flocking necessary so no fences and utilize herders)
  • Edwards Plateau, Texas - intermountain states( California , Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho)
83
Q

Sheep genus

A

Ovis aries

84
Q

Goat genus

A

Capra hircus

85
Q

Sheep Timeline: 1880-1940

A
  • Peak number in the US
86
Q

Sheep Timeline: 1950-1995

A

A steady decrease in numbers
- end of world worlds
-synthetic fibers
- decrease in consumption patterns/ high cost of the product

87
Q

Sheep Timeline: 1996-2000

A

Numbers Stabilized
- ewe lamb retention program

88
Q

Sheep Timeline: 2001- present

A

Increase in prices
- ethnic population, supply, and demand
- environmentally friendly

89
Q

What is the main expense in sheep and goat production?

A

Feed cost

90
Q

What do sheep prefer to eat?

A

Forbes

91
Q

What do goats prefer to eat?

A

Browse

92
Q

What do cattle prefer to eat?

A

Grass

93
Q

Efficient use of land combines ___ _____.

A

all species

94
Q

Range ewe are raised for what?

A

wool and lamb

95
Q

Nannies are raised for what?

A

kid production(meat) and brush control

96
Q

What is the primary economic return on sheep and goat production?

A

lamb and kid production

97
Q

What are the leading States of sheep and goat production?

A
  • Texas
  • California
  • Colorado
  • Wyoming
98
Q

Where do range sheep and goats typically give birth?

A

on the open range

99
Q

What is keeping sheep and goats on open range dependent on?

A
  • weather
  • feed
  • predators
100
Q

What are examples of common predators for sheep and goats?

A
  • Coyote
  • eagle
  • bobcat
  • fox
101
Q

What is one main issues with sheep and goats?

A

Internal parasites
- Haemonchus contortus
- Limit production in high rainfall areas
- selected for parasite resistant animals

102
Q

What do farmers utilize to protect flock?

A

Guard animals like dogs, llama, jenny

103
Q

Who are the world’s leaders in sheep and goat production?

A
  1. China
  2. India
    3.Australia
  3. Sudan
  4. Iran
104
Q

What do sheep and goat farm flocks consist of?

A
  • 25-100 heads
  • more intensively managed than a range
  • higher lamb crops 180-200%
  • oriented towards lamb production
105
Q

What type of diets do lambs eat in the feedlot?

A
  • high concentrate diets that consist of 90% whole corn
106
Q

What is the leading state in lamb feeding?

A

Colorado

107
Q

At what weight do lambs enter and leave the feedlot?

A

Enter: 70-90lbs
Leave: 120-150lbs ( in for 4-10 months )

108
Q

What are major diseases in the sheep and goat industry?

A
  • ” overeating” “ Enterotoxemia” or “ pulpy kidney” disease
  • Clostridium perfringens type C &D
  • Urinary calculi- Ca:P ratio in the feed
109
Q

What are lambs sold based on?

A

Dressing percent and carcass weight
- 50%

110
Q

Why has there been increased demand in the sheep and goat industry

A
  • increase in ethnic population
  • more animals sold in non-traditional channels
  • non-traditional markets have had an impact on normal production scheme
  • very little marketing in this industry
  • variation in the product that is desired by different consumers
111
Q

What are the 3 main types of swine industries?

A
  • Seedtosck producers
  • Commercial Producers
  • Corporate Production units
112
Q

Swine production goal influence ____ _____.

A

breed utilization

113
Q

What are seedstock producers in the swine industry?

A
  • Traditional purebred breeders
  • Provide foundation offspring for others
114
Q

What are commercial producers in the swine industry?

A

ANSC 107 (9 decks)

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