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ANSC 107 > Breeds of Livestock > Flashcards

Breeds of Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What is a breed?

A

Animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them other groups within the same species

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2
Q

Sire Breed =

A

Fast growing, muscular , late maturing, low milking

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3
Q

Maternal Breed =

A

Early maturing sexually, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size

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4
Q

Composite/Cross Breed =

A

Display desirable traits from multiple breeds, fast growing, hardy, productive

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5
Q

What are the purposes of cattle ?

A

Beef and Dairy

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6
Q

What are the purposes for Goats ?

A
  • Meat
  • Dairy
  • Hair
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7
Q

What are the purposes for sheep ?

A
  • Meat
  • Wool
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8
Q

What are the purposes for Horses?

A
  • Draft
  • Light
  • Pony
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9
Q

What is Angus frequently associated with ?

A

Marbling

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10
Q

What are Brahmans frequently associated with ?

A

Heat tolerance

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11
Q

What are Holstein frequently associated with?

A

Their total lbs of milk production

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12
Q

What are Landrace frequently associated with?

A

Litter size

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13
Q

What are Pietrain frequently associated with?

A

Their leanness

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14
Q

What are Quarter Horses frequently associated with?

A

Their agility and “ cow sense”

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15
Q

What are Thoroughbreds frequently associated with?

A

Their speed over a mile

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16
Q

___ and ____ are the two ways beef cattle are classified by their genetic origin.

A

Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus ( Zebu)

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17
Q

What are the 7 classification based on geographic origin we use to classify beef cattle?

A
  • British( UK)
  • Continental( Western Europe)
  • Indian
  • Asian
    -African
  • U.S
  • South American
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18
Q

What are the Bos Taurus British cattle breeds ?

A
  • Angus
  • Hereford
  • Shorthorn
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19
Q

Angus

A
  • From Scotland
    -Black, naturally polled, moderate size
  • Excellent marbling, early compositional maturity
  • Excellent maternal breed, easy fleshing, good milk production
  • Early maturing sexually
  • Largest number of annual registration in the U.S
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20
Q

Hereford/Polled Hereford

A
  • From England
  • Red with white face, also white underline , switch etc.
  • Moderate size, good disposition, excellent milk production
  • Poorest marbling of the British breeds
  • Hereford= horned, Polled Hereford= polled
  • They merged into one group in 199
  • 2nd largest annual registration
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21
Q

Shorthorn

A
  • From England
  • Three major color- red, white, and roan
  • Moderate size, good disposition, excellent milk production
  • Can be considered dual purpose via milking and shorthorn lines
  • Has appendix registry program which allows outside genetics to be introduced( ie Maine Anjou) and offspring to be still be registered
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22
Q

What are Bos Taurus Continental Breeds?

A
  • Charolais
  • Chianina
  • Limousin
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23
Q

Charolais

A
  • From France
  • White, off- white to cream coloration, some pigmentation of skin possible
  • Extremely fast growing, muscular breed that is fast maturing
  • Large framed with relatively heavy birth weights and large mature size
  • Produce lean, muscular carcasses, marbling can be a problem
  • Below average maternally
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24
Q

Chianina

A
  • From Italy
  • One of the world’s oldest breeds
  • Originally had short, straight off- white hair coat and black skin pigmentation
  • Prominent color today is black hair coat and black skin pigmentation
  • Extremely large framed, late maturing breed that is fast growing
  • Has had a tremendous impact on the “ show steer” industry in US
  • Produce lean, muscular carcasses, marbling is typically problematic
  • Below average maternal characteristics
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25
Q

Limousin

A
  • From France
  • Originally reddish gold in color with pink nose pigmentation and horns
  • Black coat with black pigmentation and polled are acceptable within breed standards today
  • Moderate sized that will finish at < 1200 pounds
  • Produce extremely lean , muscular carcasses but difficult to grade choice.
  • Below average maternally, somewhat lacking in milk production
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26
Q

What are the Bos Indicus Cattle Breeds?

A
  • Braham
  • Brangus
  • Santa Gertrudis
  • Beef master
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27
Q

Brahman

A
  • From India
  • The American Brahman is a cross of three Indian breeds
  • Both red and gray strains of Brahmans exists, both have black pigmentation, horned
  • Noted for heat tolerance, disease and insect resistance and crossing ability
  • Poor marbling ability, and slow sexual maturity is offset by their ability to thrive in hot humid environments in Southern US
  • Brahman composited ( Brangus , Santa Gertudis, Beefmaster, Braford, Simbrah)
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28
Q

Brangus

A
  • From US
    -5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman, black and naturally polled
  • Excellent mothering ability, moderate size , early sexual maturing , heat tolerance and forage ability result from the two parent cross
  • Intermediate in carcass merit between the two parent breeds
  • Most “ widespread” composite breed in the U.S
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29
Q

Santa Gertrudis

A
  • From the US
  • 5/8 shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman, dark red, both polled and horned
  • Developed on the King Ranch in Kingsville, Tx by founder Robert J Keleberg
  • Breed traces back to single sir
  • Noted for maternally ability, productivity under hot, adverse conditions, and overall hardness
  • camposite breed
  • Stanta Cruz composite developed at King Ranch ( 50% Santa Gert, 25% Gelbvieh, 25% Red Angus)
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30
Q

Beefmaster

A
  • From the US
  • Developed by Tom Lasater in the 1930’s in Falurias Texas
  • About 50% Brahaman, 25% Shorthorn ,and 25% Hereford, composite breed
  • No set color pattern
  • Developed based on the “ 6 essentials”
    – Noted for longevity, hardiness, rapid growth, and maternal ability
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31
Q

What are the “ 6 essentials” ?

A
  • weight
    -conformation
  • fertility
  • Hardiness
  • Disposition
  • Milking ability
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32
Q

What are the specialty cattle breeds?

A
  • Texas Longhorn
  • Wagyu
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33
Q

Texas Longhorn

A
  • From Tx but originated from Spain
  • Long, distinctive horns, many colors including speckled or spotted.
  • Lived as feral cattle for approximately 300 years from 1550-1850
  • Used in 1800’s cattle drive ( ie movie called Lonesome Drove)
  • In 1800’s began to improve Longhorns with British bulls ( primarily Shorthorns and Herefords), by the early 1900’s the longhorn was diluted nearly to extinction
  • Restored as a specialty breed prized for horns and hide
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34
Q

Wagyu

A
  • From Japan
  • The name refers to all Japanese beef cattle
  • Origin of Asian strains crossed with British and European
  • Horned with black or red coat color
  • Prized for marbling and tenderness
  • Meat has elevated levels of omega -3 and omega -6 fatty acids as well as conjugated linoleic acid
  • Early maturing, highly fertile, calving ease
  • In 1975 first 4 bulls were imported into US
  • Increased imports in the 1990s
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35
Q

What are the dairy cattle breeds?

A
  • Brown Swiss
  • Holstein-Friesian
  • Jersey
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36
Q

Brown Swiss

A
  • From Switzerland
  • Large docile breed from the Swiss Alps known for its strength and vigor
  • Hair is brown in various shades, from light brown with gray or silvery tones to very dark brown
    -The border of the muzzle is very light and often a light-colored dorsal stripe is seen
  • Average lactation( 305 days) of 16,135 Lbs of milk
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37
Q

Holstein- Friesian

A
  • From the Netherland
  • Dominant breed of dairy cattle( over 90% of all commercial dairy cattle )
  • Black and white color pattern ( red and white do exist), large framed, easygoing nature
  • unparalleled milk-producing ability( 20,121 lbs of milk average in 305 days )
  • The lowest percentage of butterfat is 3.6% and total solids thus milk is not as valuable for cheese, butter,and non-fat dry milk production as is that from colored cows, however the preferred breed for fluids milk production
38
Q

Jersey

A
  • From Isle of Jersey
  • A small, refined animal with a feminine appearance ( big brown eyes)
  • Vary from light tan to dark fawn with darker shadings around the head and lower legs. Some white patches may be present
  • Early maturing, high fertility
  • The highest percentage of butterfat( average of 4.7%) and significantly more solids than other breeds, thus milk is sought for manufacturing( e.g cheese products )
  • average milk yield of 13,358 Lbs
  • Heat and humid tolerant - many herds in Texas
39
Q

What are the ways we identify swine ?

A
  • Classified by goals/traits
    ( maternal, sire, specialty)
  • Ear configuration
    ( erect or folded/dropping)
  • Color
    (Body-color and identifying patterns)
40
Q

Landerace

A
  • From Denmark
  • White in color with huge drooping ears
  • The most prolific swine breed is longer bodied than other breeds because of extra vertebrae
  • More confinement adaptable than many other breeds
41
Q

Yorkshire( porcine)

A
  • From England
  • It is called the “ mother breed”, white with erect ears
  • In the UK referred to as the Large White
  • Frequently part of crossbreeding programs
  • Noted for large litters, relatively lean carcasses, and good feed conversion
42
Q

Duroc

A
  • From the US
  • Reddish brown ( range from light red to dark red) with drooping ears
  • Excellent growth rate and feed efficiency, generally considered a sire breed
  • Average carcass merit, tend to be fatter than Hampshire-sired pigs
43
Q

Hampshire( Porcine)

A
  • From the US
  • One of the oldest breeds in the US
  • Likely origin is the UK, but brought to the US and expanded
  • Black with a white belt around shoulders, erect ears
  • Known for lean, muscular carcasses, used primarily as a sire breed
44
Q

Pietrain

A
  • From Belgium
  • Black and white spotted with erect ears
  • Terminal sire breed ( frequently used as a sire in a crossbreeding operation in which all progeny are sold for carcass
  • Extreme muscularity and leanness
  • Early maturing
  • Can carry a gene that makes it susceptible to Porcine Stress Syndrome which can lead to death
45
Q

What is PSS?

A

-Porcine Stress Syndrome
- A genetic condition that is carried by a recessive gene
( often linked to muscularity and carriers should be culled)

46
Q

What happens to a carcass with PSS?

A

The carcass can be PSE
- Pale, soft, exudative( wet and exuding excess fluid)
- Carcass defect

47
Q

What triggers PSS and what does it lead to?

A
  • Triggered by stress( excitement, transportation, anesthesia, and temperature)
    -Can cause death( Respiratory distress, muscle tremors/rigidity, blotchy dermal hyperemia ( bright red skin blotches), acute heart failure)
48
Q

What are the geographic origins are used for classifying breeds of sheep?

A
  • British ( UK)
  • Continental ( Western Europe)
  • Middle East
  • African
  • US
  • Oceanic ( Australia, new Zeland)
49
Q

What are wool breeds of sheep?

A
  • Merino
  • Rambouillet
50
Q

What are the meat breeds of sheep ?

A
  • Hampshire
  • Suffolk
  • Southdown
  • Dorset
51
Q

What are the specialty breeds of sheep?

A
  • Doper
  • Finnsheep
52
Q

Merino

A
  • From spain
  • Most dominant breed in the world wide sheep industry
  • Merinos are typically smaller than other wool breeds and slower growing
  • Very hardy, fertile, long lived sheep with excellent flocking instinct
  • White faced breed
  • Generally have very fine fleeces , however some strians developed in Australia are somewhat coarser
53
Q

Rambouillet

A
  • From France
  • Descended from the Spanish Merino, but larger and faster growing
  • White- faced breed that is hardy , though not extremely prolific under range conditions (prominent range ewe in the Western US and Tx)
  • In US used as a dual purpose sheep
  • Produce excellent fine-wool fleeces yet have acceptable growth and carcass traits
  • In recent years( last 25 years ) has focused on producing larger, more open- faced sheep
54
Q

Hampshire ( Ovine)

A
  • From England
  • A sire breed known for rapid growth and muscularity
  • The face ,legs and ears of the Hampshire are dark brown to black and the sheep should have a wool cap on the head
  • Hampshires and Suffolks are the two most popular sire breeds in commercial sheep production
  • Genetics have been infused with Suffolk genes in the past 20 years
55
Q

Suffolk

A
  • From England
  • A very old breed used as a sire breed in commercial production
  • Free of wool on the head and legs , with a black head and legs
    -Alert, active sheep that grows very fast and produce lean , muscular carcasses
  • Ewes are prolific and heavy milking but produce very poor fleeces
56
Q

Southdown

A
  • From England
  • One of the oldest sheep breeds, imported into the US in 1803
  • Small to medium sized with light brown face and legs
  • Farm flock breed used to produce meaty, light- weight carcasses
  • A low maintenance breed with average prolificacy and milk production
57
Q

Dorset

A
  • From England
  • There are horned and polled strians of Dorsets
  • A medium -sized breed known for its ability to breed out of season and for their prolificacy and milking ability
  • Mature early both sexually and compositionally
  • These white - faced sheep produce a light shearing, open fleece
58
Q

Dorper

A
  • From South Africa
  • Hair sheep that do not require intensive management
  • Typically have a white body; head may be black or white
  • Very fertile; breeds out of season
  • Expectional adaptability and hardiness allows for existing in harsh terrain
  • Lambs grows rapidly and have high weaning weights
59
Q

Finnsheep

A
  • From Finland
  • Most noted for their incredible prolificacy ( mature ewes produce 3+ lambs)
  • Noted for milking ability and easy lambing with maternal instincts
  • Have very poor fleeces and are slow growing and light muscled
  • Require intensive management
60
Q

What are the 4 goals/traits goats are classified as?

A

-Meat
- Milk
- Dual Purpose
- Specialty

61
Q

What are the geographic origins are used for classifying breeds of goats?

A
  • British ( UK)
  • Continental ( Western Europe)
  • Middle East
  • African
  • Asian
  • US
  • Oceanic ( Australia, new Zeland)
62
Q

Why has goat products increased in the US?

A

Because of cultural practices ( ex: Hispanic, Caribbean ,Muslim communities)

63
Q

South African Boar Goat

A
  • From South Africa
  • A hardy, fast growing meat-type goat
  • Good meat -type confirmation with superior spring of rib, body length and muscling
  • Medium size with prominent horns and broad drooping ears
  • Generally brown head and neck with white body and legs, having short to medium hair
64
Q

Spanish Goat

A
  • From Spain
  • Term spanish goat is used in the US to refer to goats of mixed breed origin
    -Generic term of “ meat Goat”
    -Very prolific and hardy
  • Utilize a great deal of browse, thus used to clear brush and clean up re-growth in cleared areas
  • High variable in appearance and performance as little planned selection has occurred
  • Generally males and females are horned
  • Colors range from solid black, brown , and white to fawn and white with many color combination of spotting
65
Q

Nubian

A
  • From Africa
  • Most popular breed of registered dairy goats in the US
  • Large in size and have distinctive long, drooping ears and “ Roman nose”
  • Any color is acceptable with black and white, tan and white, and red and white being common colors, may also have some spotting
  • Noted for higher butterfat than other dairy breeds
  • Don’t produce as much volume of milk like other breeds , but often referedas the “ Jersey of milk goats”
66
Q

Saanen

A
  • From Switzerland
  • One of the most popular breeds of dairy goats in the US.
  • Medium to large in size and have distinctive erect ears and a straight or dished face
  • White is the preferred color, spots on the skin and in the hair are allowed but not desired
  • Noted for their volume of milk production
67
Q

Nigerian Dwarf

A
  • From Africa
  • Popular breed of dairy goats in the US for small farms
  • Miniature goat with conformation similar to that of larger dairy goat breeds, with erect ears
  • Main color is black or chocolate, random white markings and spots are common
  • Most commonly found in petting zoos
68
Q

Angora

A
  • From Turkey
  • Produce mohair , a luxurious fiber that commands a higher price than wool
    -Finnest hair ( the world’s most valuable) is produced by kid goats with hair getting coarser as the goat gets older
  • Sheared 2 a year
  • Managed primarily under range conditions , they utilize a great deal of browse in their diet
  • over 90% reside in Texas primarily in Edward’s Plateau
69
Q

What are the 3 ways horse breeds are classified?

A
  • Light
  • Draft
  • Ponies
70
Q

1 hand =

A

4 inches

71
Q

How are horses measured in?

A

In hands

72
Q

16 hands =

A

64 inches= 5ft 4 in at withers

73
Q

How many hands classify a pony?

A

< 14.2 hands

74
Q

How may hands to classify a Horse?

A

> 14.2 hands

75
Q

Most horse breeds perform specialized functions dependent upon their _____.

A

their GAIT
- riding ( walk, trot, canter)
- work ( walk slow gait )
- racing
- driving
- multiple tasks

76
Q

What are light horse breeds?

A
  • Appaloosa
  • Arabian
  • American Paint Horse
  • Throughbred
  • American Quarter Horse
77
Q

Most horses fall into what category of horses?

A

Light Horses

78
Q

What is the oldest breed of livestock ?

A

Arabians and genes are found in most breeds

79
Q

What light horses were imported ?

A

Arabian and Throughbred

80
Q

Appaloosa

A
  • From the US
  • Developed in the Palouse River Country of the Northwest
  • Highly versatile
  • Strong trial horse
  • Eaily identified by spotted coat ; can range from entire coat to a “ blanket” covering the hip
81
Q

Arabian

A
  • From Arabia
  • Arabian blood is carried by most light horse
  • General purpose light horse with an unsurpassed reputation for endurance
  • The head and neck of the ideal Arabian are distinctive, with a relatively small , dished, triangular shaped head and a long, highly arched neck that is set high in the shoulder
  • solid colors are preferred : bay , brown , chesnut , gray , and black
82
Q

American Paint Horse

A
  • From the US
  • Original registry established in 1963 for Quarter Horse with too much white
  • May have Quarter horse or thoroughbred parent if one parent is paint & color qualifies
  • Two basis color patterns : tabiano=white over dark color; Overo=dark over white and no white crosses back
  • Perform in most in which Quarter Horse competes
83
Q

Thoroughbred

A
  • From England
  • Without equal for speed at intermediate distance ( 3/4 to 1 1/2 miles )
  • Nearly 90% of all thoroughbred trace to Eclispe( 1764)
  • Ideal Thoroughbred cannont be described , “ they run in all shapes and sizes”
  • Leading states in Thoroghbred production are Kentuck, California, and Florida
  • Can only be registered with American Jockey Club if its the result of a live mating
    ( Assisted reproduction such as artificial insemenation or embryo transfer is not allowed)
84
Q

American Quarter Horse

A
  • From US
  • Developed as a saddle horse with great speed over short distance( 1/4 miles)
  • Multiple coat colors and face marking
  • The working cow horse of the ranches of the southwest and west
  • Early genetics trace Thoroghbred tupe stallions used on mares of spainish breeding
  • In US it has well documented history
  • Old Sorrel foal in 1915 on the King Ranch was identified as an ideal working horse and a linebreeding program was insitiuted to fix his type in the King Ranch program.
85
Q

What are the draft horse breeds ?

A
  • Belgian
  • Clydesdale
86
Q

Belgian

A
  • From Belgium
  • From 1910 through the 30’s this become the most popular breed
  • Predominant color is light sorrel with flaxen mane and tail.
  • Easy to handle very strong , but less leg action than other breeds
87
Q

Clydesdale

A
  • From Scotland
  • The “ Budweiser Hitch” used them
  • Extensive white face and leg markings together with the “ featuring” on the lower legs are very distinctive and create a bell bottomed effect
  • Considered more nervous than other breeds, too difficult for American farmers to handle
88
Q

Leghorn

A
  • From Mediterranean
  • The single comb, white leghorn is the most prolific egg laying breed
  • Most commercial egg- type pullets are produced by crossing inbred lines of birds that originated from single comb white leghorn stock
  • Leghorns are small heans that lay large white eggs ( 235 per years)
89
Q

White Cornish

A
  • From England
  • Used as the sire line in broiler production
  • Broad brested , heavily muscled
  • Tougher meat and stronger connective tissue
90
Q

Broad Breasted White Turkey

A
  • From the US
  • Developed by crossing the Bronze and white holland stains
  • The industry has emphasized muscularity, growth rate and white feathers in the development of these birds
  • Birds are also heavy and muscular that are no longer capable of natural reproduction , also have problems with leg structure

ANSC 107 (9 decks)

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