Liver Symposium Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of major liver diseases?

A

Alcohol related liver disease

Viral hepatitis

Non-alcohol fatty liver disease

Autoimmune liver diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 main groups of viruses that cause viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the hepatitis viruses are enteric viruses?

A

A and E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are enteric viruses?

A

Ones transmitted by the faecal-oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What hepatitis viruses are parenteral?

A

Hepatitis B, C and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does parenteral mean?

A

Administered elsewhere than the mouth and alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hepatitis viruses cause self-limiting infections?

A

A and E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hepatitis viruses cause chronic infections?

A

B, C and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does transmission of hepatitis A occur by?

A

Faecal-oral route

Sexual

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common age group infected with hepatitis A?

A

5 to 14 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the prevalence of hepatitis A increasing or decreasing worldwide?

A

Decreasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is acute disease caused by hepatitis A diagnosed by?

A

IgM antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who are vacines for hepatitis A given to?

A

Travellers

Patients with chronic liver disease

Haemophiliacs

Occupational exposure (lab workers)

Men who have sex with men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of hepatitis B antigens?

A

Hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg)

Hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg)

Hepatitis core antigen (HBcAg)

HBV DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) indicated?

A

Presence of hep B virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) indicate?

A

Active replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does hepatitis core antigen (HBcAg) indicate?

A

Active replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does HBV DNA indicate?

A

Active replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are examples of HBV antibodies?

A

Anti-HBs

IgM anti-HBc

IgG anti-HBc

Anti-HBe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does anti-HBs antibody indicate?

A

Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does IgM anti-HBc indicate?

A

Acute infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does IgG anti-HBc indicate?

A

Chronic infection/exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does anti-HBe indicate?

A

Inactive virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can hepatitis B infections possible lead to?

A

Resolution (no further progress) or cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are treatment options for hepatitis B infections?

A

Pegylated interferon

Oral antiviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What oral therapies are available for hepatitis B infections?

A

Lamivudine

Adefovir

Entecavir

Telbivudine

Tenofovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can be said about hepatitis C and symptoms?

A

Is usually asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are LFTs like with hep C infection?

A

Can be normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the treatment for hepatitis C infection?

A

IFN-free combination of direct acting antiviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kind of virus is hepatits D?

A

Small RNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are consequences of hepatitis D being a small RNA virus?

A

Does not code for its own protein coat

Enveloped by HBsAg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can you also be infected with as well as hepatitis D for it to become a superinfection?

A

HBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the transmission of hepatitis D?

A

The same as hepatitis B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What can be said about how easy treatment of hepatitis D is?

A

It is very resistent to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What problems can hepatitis E cause?

A

Self limiting, no long term problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What treatments/vaccines are available for hepatitis E?

A

No specific treatments

No effective vaccine currently available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Other than hepatitis A to E, what are other viruses that affect the liver?

A

Hepatits F

Hepatitis G

EBV and CMV

Herpes simplex

38
Q

What is hepatitis G related to?

A

Hepatitis C

39
Q

What is hepatitis F a possible variant of?

A

Hepatitis B

40
Q

What does EBV stand for?

A

Epstein-barr virus

41
Q

What does CMV stand for?

A

Cytomegalovirus

42
Q

What does NAFLD stand for?

A

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

43
Q

What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

A

An umbrella term that covers:

simple steatosis

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

fibrosis and cirrhosis

44
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Cluster of conditions that occur together

45
Q

What components of metabolic syndrome is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Obesity

Hypertriaglyceridaemia

Hypertension

46
Q

What are risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Age

Ethnicity (such as Hispanics)

Genetic factors (such as PNPLA3 gene)

47
Q

What gene is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

PNPLA3 gene

48
Q

What do people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease normally die of?

A

Cardiovascular problems, not liver problems (only 5% do)

49
Q

What does diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease involve?

A

Biochemical tests (AST/ALT ratio)

Enhanced liver fibrosis panel (ELF)

Cytokeratin-18

US

Fibroscan

MR/CT

MR spectroscopy

Liver biopsy

50
Q

What does a enhanced liver fibrosis panel (ELF) measure?

A

Hyaluronic acid

TIMP-1

PIINP

51
Q

What is used to classify patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as high or low risk?

A

NAFLD score

52
Q

What NAFLD score indicates high risk?

A

3 or more

53
Q

What does a NAFLD score consider?

A

Age

Diabetes

BMI

AST:ALT

Platelet count

Albumin

54
Q

What is age high risk for NAFLD?

A

>45

55
Q

What state of diabetes is high risk for NAFLD?

A

Present

56
Q

What BMI is high risk for NAFLD?

A

>30

57
Q

What AST:ALT is high risk for NAFLD?

A

>1 (AST>ALT)

58
Q

What platelet count is high risk for NAFLD?

A

Low (<150)

59
Q

What albumin level is high risk for NAFLD?

A

Low (<34)

60
Q

What is the treatment for NAFLD?

A

Diet and weight reduction

Exercise

Insulin sensitizers

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues

Farnesoid X nuclar ligand

Vitamin E

Weight reduction surgeries

61
Q

What are examples of autoimmune liver disease?

A

Autoimmune hepatitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

Overlap syndromes

Autoimmune cholangiopathy

IgG 4 disease

62
Q

What does PBC stand for?

A

Primary biliary cholangitis

63
Q

What does PSC stand for?

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

64
Q

Does autoimmune hepatitis affect more males or females?

A

Females

65
Q

What antibody is elevated in autoimmune hepatitis?

A

IgG

66
Q

What are the 3 types of antibodies involved in autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Type 1 (ANA, SMA)

Type 2 (LKM1)

Type 3 (SLA)

67
Q

What is used to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Liver biopsy

68
Q

What does autoimmune hepatitis respond well to?

A

Steroids

69
Q

What is the treatment for autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Long term azathioprine

Steroids

70
Q

Does primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) affect more males or females?

A

Females

71
Q

What antibody is elevated in PBC?

A

IgM

72
Q

What symptoms are common for PBC?

A

Pruritus and fatigue

73
Q

What is the treatmet for PBC?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)

74
Q

Does primary sclerosing cholangitis affect more males or females?

A

Males

75
Q

What antibody is active for primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

pANCA

76
Q

What bile ducts are involved with PBC?

A

Intrahepatic bile duct

77
Q

What bile ducts are involved with PSC?

A

Intra and extrahepatic bile ducts

78
Q

What does PSC lead to?

A

Stricturing

79
Q

What is the test of choice for PSC?

A

MRCP

80
Q

What is the clinical presentation of PSC?

A

Recurrent cholangitis

Jaundice

81
Q

What is the management of PSC?

A

Liver tests

Biliary stents

82
Q

Who gets a liver transplant?

A

Chronic liver disease with poor predicted survival

Chronic liver disease wth associated poor quality of life

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Acute liver failure

Genetic diseases such as primary oxaluria, tyrosemia

83
Q

What are contraindications for a liver transplant?

A

Active extrahepatic malignancy

Hepatic malignancy with macrovascular or diffuse tumour invasion

Active and uncontrolled infection outside of the hepatobiliary system

Active substance or alcohol abuse

Severe cardiopulmonary or other comorbid conditions

Psychosocial factors that would proclude recovery after transplantation

Technical and/or anatomical barriers

Brain death

84
Q

What is used to prioritis cirrhosis for liver transplants?

A

Child’s Pugh scoring A,B and C (same way as people donate blood to the same blood group)

MELD score (bilirubin, creatinine and INR)

UKELD (bilirubin, sodium, creatinine and INR)

85
Q

What does the MELD score consider?

A

Bilirubin

Creatinine

INR

86
Q

What does the UKELD score consider?

A

Bilirubin

Sodium

Creatinine

INR

87
Q

How does survival change as MELD score increases?

A

Survival decreases

88
Q

Liver tranplants are put into the same place where the old liver was, what is this called?

A

Orthotopic

89
Q

What post-operative treatment is required for liver transplants?

A

Post-operative ICU care

Multidisciplinary care

Prophylactic antibiotics and anti-fungal drugs

Anti-rejection drugs (steroids, azathoprine, tacrolimus/cyclosporine)

90
Q

What are some anti-rejection drugs for a liver transplant?

A

Steroids

Azathioprine

Tacrolimus/cyclosporine