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Abdominal Pathologies > Liver Pathologies > Flashcards

Liver Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common liver malignancy?

A

Hepatoma or HCC

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2
Q

what is typically the predisposing factor for HCC?

A

Cirrhosis

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3
Q

How would you describe a liver with cirrhosis?

A
  • smaller
  • nodular
  • bumpy
  • not smooth
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4
Q

if a 50 y/o has an echogenic mass in their liver…what could it be?

A
  • liver cell adenoma
  • Lipoma
  • focal nodular hyperplasia
  • hemangioma
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5
Q

which echogenic liver mass is generally associated with birth control pills?

A

focal nodular hyperplasia

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6
Q

liver agenesis

A

congenital defect of the liver where a portion of the liver, and in some cases the whole liver is not present

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7
Q

situs inversus

A

congenital defect of the liver where a person is born with their liver on the left side of their body instead of the right side.

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8
Q

vascular anomalies

A

congenital defect of the liver where a person is born with extra or less veins or arteries in the liver

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9
Q

what are the most common vascular anomalies?

A

hepatic veins and arteries

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10
Q

what is the least common vascular anomaly?

A

portal veins

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11
Q

what is fatty infiltration?

A

an acquired but reversible disorder of metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of triglycerides (fat) within the hepatocytes.

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12
Q

focal fatty infiltration

A

accumulation of fat in local lobules of the liver

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13
Q

focal fatty sparing

A

localized absence of of intracellular hepatic fat.

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14
Q

Hepatitis A

A

result of infection from multiple viruses; this infection is found worldwide and is spread primarily be fecal contamination.

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15
Q

Hepatitis B

A

infection in the liver spread from blood transfusions of infected blood or plasma through the use of contaminated needles.

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16
Q

Hepatitis C

A

contracted through contaminated needles, and is diagnosed with the presence of the antibody for HCV in the blood.

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17
Q

acute hepatitis

A

this is used to describe a wide variety of conditions characterized by inflammation of the liver, and resulting in elevated liver functions

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18
Q

chronic hepatitis

A

this exists when there is a clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatic inflammation that extends beyond 6 months.

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19
Q

cirrhosis

A

a chronic, degenerative disease of the liver where the hepatic lobes are covered with fibrous tissue.
the parenchyma degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.
(80% of cancer is from this)

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20
Q

glycogen storage disease

A

an inherited disease characterized by the abnormal storage and accumulation of glycogen in the tissues.

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21
Q

hepatic cyst

A

fluid-filled cavity located inside the liver

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22
Q

polycystic liver disease

A

a disorder where there are multiple cysts on the liver at one time.

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23
Q

hepatic abscess

A

a pus-filled mass in the liver

24
Q

pyogenic abscess

A

a pus-filled pocket of fluid that can form from infection in the blood, abdominal infection, or an abdominal injury that has become infected.

25
Q

hepatic candidiasis

A

in infection within the liver where a certain yeast fungus called candida is present.

26
Q

amebic abscess

A

caused by the protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica.
parasites enter the liver via the portal vein.

27
Q

echinococcal cyst

A

parasitic tapeworms that are common in sheep-herding areas in the world; most commonly found in people under the age of 20.

28
Q

schistosomiasis

A

the most common parasitic infection due to bad water

29
Q

Hematoma

A

swelling or clotting within the liver tissues

30
Q

cavernous hemangioma

A

benign tumor of the liver

31
Q

liver cell adenoma

A

benign nodule in the liver that contains hepatocytes; usually solitary.
- 90% are found in women on long-term birth control
- has a halo

32
Q

focal nodular hyperplasia

A

second most common benign hepatic mass; contains all cellular elements of normal liver, but lack normal structure.

33
Q

Lipoma

A

rare fatty tumor in the liver
(AKA: angiomyolipoma)

34
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

most common primary malignant liver tumor

35
Q

metastasis

A

where cancer spreads to other parts of the body; this is where it effects the tissue, but comes from another primary site

36
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

a rare, but aggressive malignant tumor in the liver
- exposure to chemicals

37
Q

liver transplantation

A

the surgical removal of a liver with the intent of replacing it with another, more healthy liver.

38
Q

what are some complications of a liver transplant?

A
  • rejection (fluid)
  • thrombosis
  • biliary stricture
  • infection
  • neoplasia
39
Q

what are some reasons someone might need a liver transplant?

A
  • hepatitis C
  • cirrhosis
  • biliary atresia in infants
40
Q

mild (grade 1) of fatty infiltration

A

minimal diffuse increase in hepatic echogenicity with normal visualization of diaphragm and intrahepatic vascular borders.

41
Q

moderate (grade 2) of fatty infiltration

A

increased echogenicity with slightly impaired visualization of diaphragm and intrahepatic vascular borders.

42
Q

severe (grade 3) of fatty infiltration

A

significant increase in echogenicity of the liver parenchyma, decreased penetration of the posterior segment of the right lobe of the liver, and decreased to poor visualization of the diaphragm and hepatic vessels.

43
Q

what are 4 causes of fatty infiltration of the liver?

A

1) obesity
2) excessive alcohol intake
3) diabetes
4) pregnancy

44
Q

polycystic liver disease

A

a rare genetic disorder characterized by mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in the transport of fluid and growth in the epithelial cells of the liver.

45
Q

autosomal dominant; afffects mainly females over 50

A

polycystic liver disease

46
Q

polycystic liver disease on ultrasound

A

multiple cysts throughout the liver.

47
Q

criteria for a cyst

A
  • well-defined edges
  • filled with fluid
  • posterior enhancement
  • thin, echogenic walls
48
Q

what is usually the cause of portal hypertension?

A

cirrhosis

49
Q

what is the most common type of glycogen storage disease?

A

type 1 or Von Gierke disease
- this is where abnormally large amouts of glycogen are deposited in the liver and kidneys.

50
Q

present with hepatomegaly, and increased echogenicity, 40% with adenomas

A

glycogen storage disease

51
Q

ultrasound indicator of diffuse liver disease

A

gallbladder walls are super thick; looks like a donut

52
Q

lab values for cirrhosis patients

A

elevated AST, ALT, and Bilirubin

53
Q

symptoms of cirrhosis

A
  • N/V
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
  • jaundice
  • dark urine
  • clay-colored stool
    -varicosities
54
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A
  • alcohol abuse, infection, or viral hepatitis
55
Q

what are the most common metastatic cancers?

A

colon, breast, and lung

Abdominal Pathologies (8 decks)

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