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General Pathology > Liver (Hepatitis) > Flashcards

Liver (Hepatitis) Flashcards

1
Q

viral hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A and E: spread feco-orally

Hepatitis B, C, and D: spread parenterally

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2
Q

extremely contagious RNA enterovirus

A

hepatitis A

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3
Q

spreads through contaminated food and water or through direct contact with infected individuals

A

hepatitis A

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4
Q

at-risk individuals include MSM (men who have sex with men) and PWID (persons who inject drugs)

A

hepatitis A

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5
Q

low- and middle-income populations at risk due to poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices

A

hepatitis A

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6
Q

does not lead to chronic infection

A

hepatitis A

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7
Q

incubation period of 1-4 weeks

A

hepatitis A

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8
Q

clinical symptoms of fever and malaise begin about 4 weeks post-infection with jaundice occurring around weeks 5 to 6

A

hepatitis A

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9
Q

infected persons usually make full recovery following course of illness

A

hepatitis A

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10
Q

virus present in stool 2 weeks before and 1 week after onset of jaundice, individuals still infected despite absence and resolution of symptoms

A

hepatitis A

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11
Q

immunity via anti-HAV antibodies

A

hepatitis A

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12
Q

 Two-dose vaccination

 First dose typically administered at 12-23 months of age with second dose given 6 moths later

A

hepatitis A

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13
Q

Vaccine recommended for the following people:
• All children aged 12-23 months
• Unvaccinated children and adolescents aged 2-18 years
• International travelers
• At-risk populations (MSM, PWID, occupational hazards)
• People experiencing homelessness
• People with HIV
• People with chronic liver disease

A

hepatitis A

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14
Q

similar to hepatitis A

A

hepatitis E

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15
Q

single-stranded RNA virus

A

hepatitis E

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16
Q

incubation period 15-60 days

A

hepatitis E

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17
Q 
Many infected individuals are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic  
• Jaundice 
• Nausea 
• Vomiting
• Anorexia 
• Hepatomegaly
A

hepatitis E

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18
Q

usually self-limited course of virus, but immunocompromised populations can develop chronic infection

A

hepatitis E

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19
Q

diagnosis = IgM and anti-HEV antibodies

A

hepatitis E

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20
Q

globally, liver disease caused by this is a serious problem (~400 million people are carriers, ~80% of all chronic carriers live in Asia and the Western Pacific rim)

A

hepatitis B

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21
Q

found in the blood during the late stages of a prolonged incubation period: 4-26 weeks

A

hepatitis B

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22
Q

present in all physiological and pathologic body fluids, except stool

A

hepatitis B

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23
Q

can withstand extreme temperatures and humidity

A

hepatitis B

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24
Q

spread by contact with bodily secretions

A

hepatitis B

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25
Q

in endemic regions, vertical transmission from mother to child during birth constitutes main mode of transmission

A

hepatitis B

26
Q

in areas of low prevalence, horizontal transmission via blood transfusion, dialysis, needlestick accidents, needle sharing among IV drug users, and sexual transmission

A

hepatitis B

27
Q

chronically infected patients are at increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma

A

hepatitis B and C

28
Q 
Four clinical patterns: 
 Acute self-limited hepatitis 
 Fulminant acute hepatitis 
 Chronic hepatitis 
 Asymptomatic chronic infection
A

hepatitis B

29
Q

largely prevented by vaccination and the screening of donor blood, organs, and tissues

A

hepatitis B

30
Q

vaccination produces a protective anti-HBS antibody

A

hepatitis B

31
Q

usually given 2, 3, or 4 injections of vaccine

A

hepatitis B

32
Q

infants should be given first dose at birth and complete series at 6 months of age

A

hepatitis B

33
Q

adults who have Hep __ + sex partner, people who share needles, healthcare workers, travelers to regions with increased Hep __ rates, anyone who wants to be protected

A

hepatitis B

34
Q

major cause of liver disease (~175 million people worldwide are carriers)

A

hepatitis C

35
Q

persistent chronic infection is present in 3-4 million in the US

A

hepatitis C

36
Q

new cases have dropped since the mid 1980s due to reduction in transfusion-associated Hep __ and decline in infection between IV drug users

A

hepatitis C

37
Q

death rate will continue to rise due to the decades long lag time between acute infection and liver failure

A

hepatitis C

38
Q

major route of transmission in US: blood inoculation, with IV drug use accounting for 60%

A

hepatitis C

39
Q

occupational exposure (healthcare workers) account for 4% of cases

A

hepatitis C

40
Q

single condition most frequently necessitating liver transplantation in the US

A

hepatitis C

41
Q

much higher rate of progression to chronic disease and eventual cirrhosis than Hep B

A

hepatitis C

42
Q

positive ss-RNA virus belonging to the Flavividae family

A

hepatitis C

43
Q

subclassified into 6 genotypes based on genetic sequence

A

hepatitis C

44
Q

quasispecies (many variants)

A

hepatitis C

45
Q

no vaccine

A

hepatitis C

46
Q

incubation period of 2-26 weeks, average of 6-12 weeks

A

hepatitis C

47
Q

asymptomatic in 75% of affected persons

A

hepatitis C

48
Q

RNA can be detected in blood within days to 8 weeks depending on size of inoculation

A

hepatitis C

49
Q

neutralizing anti-HC_ antibodies develop within weeks to a few months but do NOT confer effective immunity

A

hepatitis C

50
Q

a strong immune response involving CD4+ and CD8+ cells are associated with self-limited infections

A

hepatitis C

51
Q

persistent infection is the HALLMARK of infection, seen in 80-85% of patients with clinical or asymptomatic acute infection

A

hepatitis C

52
Q

cirrhosis will develop in 20% of persistently infected patients, can be present at time of diagnosis or may take up to 20 years

A

hepatitis C

53
Q

some patients will have decades long chronic infection without progressing to cirrhosis

A

hepatitis C

54
Q

fulminant hepatitis is rare

A

hepatitis C

55
Q

unique RNA virus that is replication-defective (only causes infection when encapsulated by HbsAg)

A

hepatitis D

56
Q

dependent on HBV coinfection for multiplication

A

hepatitis D

57
Q

Infection occurs in 2 ways:
 Acute coinfection after exposure to serum containing both HDV and HBV (HBV infection must be established first, followed by HBsAg made in sufficient amounts for HDV virions to be produced)
 Super infection of a chronic carrier of HBV with a new inoculum of HDV

A

hepatitis D

58
Q

most superinfected persons experience an acceleration of hepatitis, progressing to a more severe chronic hepatitis 4-7 weeks later

A

hepatitis D

59
Q

in the US, infection is largely restricted to PWID and persons receiving multiple blood transfusions

A

hepatitis D

60
Q

most reliable indicator of HDV exposure

A

IgM and anti-HDV

General Pathology (11 decks)

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