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General Pathology > Female > Flashcards

Female Flashcards

1
Q

Vulvovaginal pathology

can be divided into two broad categories:

A

Non-neoplastic: include infections (STDs and non-STDs) and lekoplakias

Neoplastic: include in situ cancer, invasive (squamous and adeno) and sarcoma

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2
Q

2 viral STDs:

A

HSV2, HPV

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3
Q

usually causes genital lesions

A

HSV2

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4
Q

How do ulcers form in HSV2?

A

red papules –> vesicles –> painful ulcers

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5
Q

latency in the lumbosacral cranial nerves, can be reactivated any/many times, high transmission during active phase

A

HSV2

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6
Q

HPV is a _____ virus.

A

DNA

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7
Q

Many subtypes/strains of HPV: low-risk vs high-risk

A

“Low-risk” strains (6 and 11 most common) associated with wart-like lesions (condyloma)
- Vulva, perineal, and perianal region

Infection with “high-risk” strains (16 and 18 most common) is a risk factor for developing dysplasia and cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the genitals and cervix

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8
Q

What does the Gardasil vaccine provide protection against?

A

nine HPV strains: 6, 11, 16, 18, and 5 other high-risk strains

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9
Q

Histology: exophytic, papillary proliferation of squamous epithelium

A

HPV

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10
Q

histology: koilocytes

A

HPV

*Koilocytes = cells with clear cytoplasm and condensed, shriveled nuclei (a morphologic sign of an HPV-infected epithelial cell)

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11
Q

flagellated ovoid protozoan, asymptomatic or frothy yellow vaginal discharge

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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12
Q

Clinical appearance: fiery red mucosa of the vagina and cervix (strawberry cervix)

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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13
Q

bacterial infection—coccobacillus, fish odor, thin grey secretions

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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14
Q

Histology: clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells covered in bacteria)

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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15
Q

a clinical term used to describe an adherent white plaque, the white color is usually attributable to increased keratin production

A

leukoplakia

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16
Q

may represent many possible conditions including hyperplasia, dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma

A

leukoplakia

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17
Q

vulvovaginal neoplasms

A

VIN1-VIN3 / VAIN1-VAIN3 / CIN1-CIN3 –> vulvar/vaginal/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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18
Q

vulvovaginal neoplasm grading

A

the 1-3 grading is based on how much of the thickness of the epithelium is involved, with 3 being the most

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19
Q

all are caused by infection with high-risk HPV, as are SCCs that develop in these locations

A

vulvovaginal neoplasm

20
Q

vulvovaginal neoplasms that most commonly develop at the squamocolumnar junction (T zone)

A

cervical dysplasia (CIN) and SCC

21
Q

caused by high-risk HPV infection, most commonly develops at the squamocolumnar junction (T zone)

A

squamous cell carcinoma

22
Q

unique vaginal cancer with clear cell morphology

A

adenocarcinoma

23
Q

occurs in women who were exposed to DES (diethylstilbestrol) in the womb

DES = a synthetic estrogen given during pregnancy to women who experienced prior miscarriages or premature deliveries

A

adenocarcinoma

24
Q

o A type of rhabdomyosarcoma
o Young girls (under age 5)
o Presents as a polypoid mass (grape-like lesion) protruding from the vagina

A

sarcoma

25
Q

presence of endometrial glands and stroma in a site other than the uterus

A

endometriosis

26
Q

chocolate cyst

A

endometrial glands in the ovaries

27
Q

sites of endometrial glands other than the uterus

A

ovaries are most common site, pelvic ligaments, umbilical cord

28
Q

mechanism of endometriosis

A

regurgitation of endometrial tissue through the tubes

29
Q

benign neoplasm of smooth muscle, often called “fibroids” in the uterus

A

leiomyoma

30
Q
  • Very common, 75% women

- Vaginal pain, bleeding, infertility

A

leiomyoma

31
Q

smooth muscle malignancy of the uterus

A

leiomyosarcoma

32
Q

Clinical signs of endometrial cancer:

A

post-menopausal bleeding

33
Q

risk factors for endometrial cancer

A

obesity, estrogen replacement therapy, diabetes mellitus

34
Q

causes pelvic pain, cervical motion tenderness (excruciating pain with bimanual pelvic exam), systemic symptoms, fever, vaginal discharge

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

35
Q

How is pelvic inflammatory disease transmitted?

A

sexually (gonorrhea, chlamydia)

36
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease complications

A

abscess, bacteremia, and infertility

37
Q

Signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome:

A

irregular periods (oligomenorrhea), obesity, hirsutism, diabetes mellitus, hormonal imbalance, increased risk of endometrial and breast cancer

38
Q

another name for polycystic ovary syndrome

A

Stein Leventhal syndrome

39
Q

Ovarian tumors are more likely to be benign or malignant? Primary or secondary (metastasis from somewhere else)?

A

benign / primary

40
Q

cancer marker for ovarian malignancies

A

CA125 (cancer antigen 125), protein elevated in the blood of patients with ovarian cancer

41
Q

Two types of ovarian tumors:

A

teratoma

Krukenberb tumor

42
Q

Name the ovarian tumor: most common germ cell tumor

A

teratoma

43
Q

Name the ovarian tumor: kids and adolescents

A

teratoma

44
Q

Name the ovarian tumor: contains more than one embryonal germ cell layer, can contain epithelium, teeth, glands, hair cartilage, brain, thyroid

A

teratoma

45
Q

Name the ovarian tumor: bilateral metastasis from a GI primary cancer (stomach or intestine)

A

Krukenberg tumor

46
Q

Name the ovarian tumor: cells have a “signet ring” morphology, described this way because the cells resemble a class ring when viewed sideways (nucleus is pushed to the edge of the cell)

A

Krukenberg tumor

General Pathology (11 decks)

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