Liver GB Pancreas

Question 1

Liver and GB

Answer 1

Largest exocrine organ
Synth and secrete proteins, bile
Thrombopoietin (goes to bone marrow to make platelets) (kidney produces erythropoietin for RBC)
Hormones
Glycogen storage
Eliminate waste (takes over role of spleen when gone)
DETOX many SER

GB stores bile

Question 2

SER

Answer 2

Glycogen breakdown

Detox

Question 3

When blood glucose is high the liver

Answer 3

Secretes insulin to remove glucose from the blood and become part of the glycogen storage

Question 4

Liver structure

Answer 4

DIRCT around entire liver
Parenchyma is the meat of the liver
Stroma
Little CT in liver otherwise it can turn into fibrosis. Cirrhosis

Hepatocytes line up in plates and between plates there are sinusoidal caps
Between these is reticular fibers that support

Question 5

Portal triad

Answer 5

Hepatic artery- supplies liver with oxy blood , 25% flow
Bile duct- takes bile out, to the gall bladder to store
Portal vein- brings blood to liver that is deoxygenated from GIT, needs to be detoxified in liver, leave through inferior vena cava

Lymph vessels surrounding

Question 6

Classic liver lobule

Portal lobule

Hepatic acinus

Answer 6

Classic- hexagon, central vein center, portal triads at corners

Portal- triangle, center is bile duct of portal triad, central veins are corners

Hepatic- diamond, corners are 2 portal triads and 2 central veins

Question 7

Blood path

Bile path

Answer 7

Blood- triad to central vein
Out to in

Bile- hepatocytes make bile and then it travels to the portal triad to exit
IN TO OUT

Question 8

Space of disse

Ito cells

Answer 8

Perisinusoidal space, between sinusoid and hepatocytes
Microvilli from hepatocytes are here

Ito cells- Stellate cells
Store vitamin A for sperm development, vision, limb and lung development
In disease ito diff into myofibroblast which causes scarring and may lead to cirrhosis

Question 9

Bile track

Answer 9

Made by hepatocytes

That connect via bile canaliculi —-> ductules—-> bile duct

Question 10

Glissons capsule

Answer 10

DIRCT covering liver

Question 11

Hepatic acinus zones

Answer 11

Ordered like

3 2 1 2 3 in diamond formation

1. In center closest to portal arteries, highest oxygen and toxin amounts
2. Middle
3. Outer closer to central veins, lowest oxygen and toxin amounts

Question 12

High toxins amounts will affect which hepatic acinus zone the most?

What about low oxygen levels?

Answer 12

Zone 1 Because toxin concentration is highest in this zone

Zone 3 because it is already lowest in o2 conc

Question 13

Pig has a higher what in the liver

Answer 13

Increased CT amounts around lobules, visible in slide

Human CT is not usually visible in a slide

Question 14

What liver organization describes the exocrine function of the liver

Answer 14

The portal lobule triangle

Because the bile duct is the central part
And the central veins are the corners

The bile travels from the central canals to the bile duct to head to GB

Question 15

What liver organization describes the parenchyma of liver

Answer 15

The hepatic acinus, diamond

Because the center of diamond lies on the parenchyma

Question 16

Fenestrae

Answer 16

On the sinusoidal cap making the liver sinus

Microville from hepatocytes protrudes through to lumen of sinusoid

Question 17

Kuppfer cells

Answer 17

Hepatic Macrophages that line the sinusoids of the liver

Question 18

Bile made of and function

Answer 18

Lipids, RBC breakdown products
Bile salts, bilirubin

Emulsification/absorption of fat in smal intestine

Question 19

Vitamin A function

Answer 19

Stored in ito cells in space of disse

Sperm development
Eye
Limb
Proper placement of cardiac neural crest cells

Question 20

Gall bladder structure and functions

Conc bile

Answer 20

Concentrates and stores bile in mucosa layer
Thick musc externa to expel bile into duodenum
Highly polarized and folded mucosa

Bile conc done by epithelial cells in mucosa
Microvilli improve absorption with Na/K pumps
Pump Na/k out of lumen creating osmotic pressure
That osmotic pressure brings water from the bile to the caps in LP of mucosa

Question 21

Pancreas structure and functions

Exo vs endo

Answer 21

Lobules surrounded by ct

Exocrine functions- stain darker

1. Acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes> intercalated duct> larger ducts> pancreatic duct> duodenum
2. Bicarbonate made by centroacinar cells in acinus intercalated duct

Endocrine functions- hormones,
Done in islets of Langerhan- lighter spots in histo, looks like circles of lighter tissue
With beta, alpha, d, and pp cells

Question 22

Path taken by bicarbonate to duodenum

Answer 22

Acinar cells- produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate by centroacinar > intercalated duct> larger ducts> pancreatic duct> duodenum

Question 23

Cells in islets of langerhan

Beta
Alpha
D
PP

Answer 23

Beta- insulin, turns glucose into glycogen to decrease blood sugar
Central

Alpha- glucagon, glycogen breakdown, opposite of insulin
Edge

D- somatostatin, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Dotted at edge

PP- inhibits enzyme and bicarbonate release

*BAD PP

Question 24

Stellate cell of pancreas

Answer 24

Also known as ito cells, but these are bad
Normally quiescent but can be Culprit of pancreatic cancer

Triggered by GF
When active secretes ECM which makes it easier for cancer cells to move through pancreas