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Histology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Two circuits of cardio system

A

Pulmonary: right heart -> lungs -> left heart

Systemic: left heart -> body -> right heart

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2
Q

Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart except which one?

Veins carry blood TO heart except which one?

A

Pulmonary artery

Umbilical vein

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3
Q

Artery order going away from heart

A

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles

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4
Q

What are the function of pericytes

A

Regulate the blood flow of capillaries

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5
Q

3 layers of vasculature

A

Inner: tunica intima

Middle: tunica media

Outer: tunica adventitia

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6
Q

Tunica intima characteristics

A

Inner: sim squamous ET

Middle: subendothelial layer

Outer: internal elastic lamina

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7
Q

Subendothelial layer made of

A

Loose CT

Aka lamina propria

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8
Q

Tunica media made of

A

Smooth muscle in circular layer
Produces ECM
NOOOO fibroblasts
External elastic lamina

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9
Q

Tunica adventitia made of

A

Loose CT made of fibroblasts unlike tunica media

Contains: vasa vasorum, Nervi vasorum, and lymph vessels

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10
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Blood vessels of the tunica adventitia

Feeds and takes away ox/deox blood from the blood vessel itself

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11
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

Nerve endings in blood vessel to stimulate

Regulates constriction and dilation

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12
Q

Artery vs Vein

A

Arteries have very prominent layers

Veins have thinner layers and valves
Large veins may have muscle in tunica adventitia, usually larger than artery
Only some veins have an internal elastic lamina

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13
Q

Vasculogenesis

What is it, when does it occur

A

De novo, NEW blood vessels formed
Embryogenesis

VEGF is secreted by mesenchymal cells which tells angioblasts to line up and form a tube to make INTIMA

Angiopoeitins recruit smooth muscle to cover intima which makes the MEDIA layer

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14
Q

Angiogenesis

What is it, when does it occur

A

Existing blood vessels sprout new branches
Embryogenesis and adulthood

Basal lamina breaks down and VEGF recruits angioblasts to line up in tube and angiopoeitin recruits smooth muscle to make media

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15
Q

When does angiogenesis begin

A

When heart starts pumping blood

This creates a hydrodynamic force that begins and mediates the development of new blood vessels

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16
Q

Normal vs portal system

A

Normal: artery -> capillary -> vein

Portal 2 types:
Arterial portal: afferent arteiole -> cap -> efferent arteriole -> cap (deox) -> vein , Blood remains oxygenated for second cap

Venous: arteriole -> cap -> vein-> cap -> vein
blood remains deoxygenated for second cap

POINT: allows short, direct transfer of material through the blood between two organs without having to traverse the heart/systemic circuits

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17
Q

Arterial and venous portal locations

A

Arterial: KIDNEY

Venous: Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is a direct connection between an artery and a vein with NO caps in between
Where is this seen?

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis
SHUNT

Seen in the skin

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19
Q

What maintains the integrity of the blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

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20
Q

What is the systolic measurement?

Diastolic measurement?

A

Vessel pressure during heart pumping HIGHER

Vessel pressure during heart filling LOWER

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21
Q

Blood pressure is highest in the ____ and lowest in the ____

A

Aorta

Vena cava

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22
Q

Largest arteries are the

A

Elastic arteries

Closest to heart

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23
Q

Elastic artery characteristics

A

Thin tunica intima, falls apart during x section bc so small, hard to see

Very muscular with 80 layers of SM in media layer
Produce own ECM and ELASTIN network that stores potential energy and controls BP

Thin adventitia

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24
Q

Two things that control blood pressure

A
  1. Elastic lamina in media layer, stores potential energy when stretched and snaps back to keep blood flowing
  2. Precapillary sphincters in arterioles, small ring of smooth muscle that controls blood flow into organs
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25
Q

Muscular artery characteristics

A

Medium sized
Do most of systemic work

Tunica media has 20 layers of SM that produce COLLAGEN, not elastin

VERY prominent internal and external elastic lamina
VERY thick adventitia

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26
Q

Arteriole characteristics

AKA?

A

Resistance arteries

Smallest artery
Has precap sphincters

Thin tunica media of about 2-3 layers

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27
Q

What arteries are Innervated by autonomic nerves and respond to hormones

A

Arterioles

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28
Q

The last artery before capillaries is known as the

A

MET arteriole

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29
Q

What blood vessel is known as the “resistance vessel” and is the primary vessel that regulates BP?

A

Arteriole

Bc they have precap sphincters that are a ring of SM around the arteriole to control blood flow into the capillaries

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30
Q

Endothelial cell function in a blood vessel

A

Keep the blood vessel lined and healthy

Act as a barrier with a junctional complex, so no foreign materials can pass through

31
Q

Endothelial cells in BV functions

A
  1. Convert angio 1 into angio 2 IN LUNG ONLY
  2. Inactivate bradykinin and serotonin
  3. Lipolysis of lipoproteins
  4. Prevent blood coagulation bc they run in the direction of blood flow, keeps blood flow non turbulent
  5. Nuclei bulge into lumen
  6. Secrete nitric oxide and endothelial 1
32
Q

Smooth muscle Relaxer vs Contractor

What are they secreted by?

A

Vaso relax: Nitric Oxide, dilates BV
*NO relaxing

Vaso constrict: Endothelin 1 and Angiotensin 2

Secreted by endothelial lining in blood vessels

33
Q

Capillary characteristics

A

Endothelium and basement mem ONLY
Facilitates gas exchange

Diameter only allows one RBC at a time

Blood moves SLOWLY to allow greater diffusion

Have pericytes

34
Q

Pericyte function

A

Adult cap stem cells that are normally QUIESCENT, but are activated upon damage and function to repair the damage
Attach to outside of capillary and LAMINA PODIA act like fingers that wrap around cap

35
Q

3 types of caps

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

36
Q

Continuous caps

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS, strict transport
Only found in areas where strict transport is necessary

BBB of CNS, muscles, BAB (blood air barrier) of lungs

Continuous BM

Use vesicular transport

37
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Aka transcytosis

Used in continuous capillaries to transport material with vesicles

38
Q

Fenestrated caps

A

Looser junctions to allow medium transport

Found in endocrine glands, GIT, gallbladder

Have areas where endothelial cells thin out, these are called “fenestrations” to make material exchange easier

Fenestrations may have a diaphragm

Continuous BM

39
Q

Fenestration diaphragms

A

Fenestrations Make material exchange easier in fenestrated caps

Diaphragms hold the fenestrations together, some fen caps do not have these

40
Q

Discontinuous caps

Aka

A

Sinusoidal caps in LIVER, microville on hepatocytes project through these gaps directly into the lumen of the endothelial cell

For EASY transport of materials
Found in bone marrow, liver, spleen

Large gaps “fenestrae” between endothelial cells

Can have a discontinuous or ABSENT BM

41
Q

Aortic aneurysm

Where does it occur?

A

Tunica media

Neutrophils invade the tunica media and secrete ELASTASE which causes inflammation, and destroys the tunica media, creates scar tissue

Must be surgically fixed

42
Q

Endothelial cells turn ____ into ____ to regulate BP. How is the blood pressure regulation accomplished?

A

Angio 1 into angio 2

Angio 2 is a vasoconstrictor to increase blood pressure

  1. It does this by constricting the JUXTA CELLS in kidney thus lowering the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) to increase the blood in the rest of the vasculature
  2. Stim adrenal cortex to release ALDOSTERONE which increases water and Na+ resorption into blood, this increases the blood pressure
43
Q

How to endothelial cells regulate lipolysis?

A

When cholesterol gets into lumen of of vasculature, macrophages digest the lipid

If lipids accumulate, over time the macrophages will lose and lipid will form plaque in the tunica intima, which may eventually break through into the lumen

44
Q

What is it called when endothelial cells prevent blood coagulation in vasculature

A

Antithrombogenic activity

45
Q

2 types of vascular occlusion

A

Atherosclerosis

Restenosis

46
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque build up in tunica media due to high cholesterol/lipids

47
Q

Restenosis

A

When the SM in the tunica media crosses the IEL and forms layers in tunica intima which can bust out into the lumen

Can occur after stent placement

48
Q

What occurs when vascular occlusion occurs in the heart vasculature

A

Heart INFARCTION

The heart has decreased oxygen
causes cardiac myocytes to die
fibroblasts proliferate in these areas to make scar tissue FIBROSIS
New cardiomyocytes cannot be made in adult hearts!

Necrotic/fibrous heart tissue does NOT STAIN in images

49
Q

Large vein characteristics

A

Larger lumen than arteries
Very irregular lumen shape

Thin tunica media that produces COLLAGEN, not elastin like a large artery
Minimal or ABSENT elastic lamina

SM found in the ADVENTITIA, longitudinally arranged unlike artery

50
Q

Medium veins characteristics

A

Similar to large veins

Thinner tunica intima than large veins

51
Q

What is the KEY feature of veins

A

VALVES

52
Q

What are valves made of and how do they function

A

Core: elastic CT
Outer layer: endothelial cells

Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle constricts veins pushing the blood up past the valves
The valves immediately close to prevent back flow

53
Q

Varicose veins

A

Damage to vein valves
Caused by sedentary lifestyle

Blood pools in veins bc valves no longer work to prevent back flow

Commonly seen in legs where there is increased blood flow

54
Q

Thrombosis

Hemorrhoids

A

Diseases involving veins

Thrombosis: When a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels to the lungs

Hemorrhoids: When blood vessels dilate in the anal canal, can cause bleeding during defecation

55
Q

Lymphatic system vasculature

A

System of blind ending caps that permeate through CT of the body
Carry lymph to the large vessels that drain into veins
Absorb excess interstitial fluid around caps

56
Q

How is an edema formed

A

When excess interstitial fluid does not drain into the lymph system
Fluid accumulates and causes swelling

57
Q

Why does fluid leak out of arteries and where does it go?

A

There is a higher hydrostatic pressure in arteries than veins bc of their distance from the heart, arteries have higher BP
There is a high osmotic pressure in veins than in arteries bc of ALBUMIN

So there is a tendency for fluid to leak out into surrounding CT which is then absorbed by lymph caps

58
Q

Lymph capillary characteristics

A

Have valves
Contains leukocytes in lumen that ARE NUCLEATED (seen in images compared to RBC in caps w no nucleus)

Sim squamous ET and BM
Evident in SMALL INTESTINE MV

59
Q

Lacteal location and function

A

Blind ending lymph cap that projects into a microvilli in small intestine

Lined by sim squamous ET
Absorbs LIPIDS

60
Q

Where are carbs and proteins absorbed?

Where are lipids absorbed?

A

Blood capillaries

Lacteal
*Lipids and Lacteal

61
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A

Inside- Endocardium
Myocardium
Outside- Epicardium

62
Q

Endocardium

A

Heart inner layer

  1. Endothelial lining
  2. SM and CT
  3. Autonomic nerves
  4. Purkinje fibers
63
Q

Purkinje fibers. AKA
Location
Characteristics

A

Located in the sub endocardium
Conduction of lower part of ventricles

Aka
Specialized cardiac myofibers

Large uni or binucleated cells

Structure: similar to skeletal muscle, DIAD, intercalated discs, nuclei centrally located

64
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart middle layer

Bulk of the heart
1. Cardiac myocytes
2. Firbroblasts
Myoendocrine cells

65
Q

What is atrial natriuretic factor and what is it produced by

A

Acts on the kidney and causes excretion of Na+ and H2O, pee becomes less concentrated

Produced by the myoendocrine cells in the myocardium

66
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of the heart

Made of parietal and visceral layers
Epicardium= parietal pericardium= fibrous CT outside of heart for protection

Pericardial space between layers filled with fluid

Holds the vasa vasorum which supplies blood to the heart itself

Holds nerves and adipose tissue and apex to cushion

67
Q

Parietal vs Visceral pericardium

A 
Parietal= epicardium and is made of fibrous CT, outermost layer of heart
Visceral= mesothelial lining closest to myocardium
68
Q

Conduction of the heart

A
  1. SA node in RA
  2. AV node in RA
  3. Bundle branches
  4. Purkinje fibers in Lower ventricles (located in the sub endocardium layer)
69
Q

All conduction tissue is ____

A

Specialized cardio myocytes

70
Q

3 junctions of intercalated discs

A

Fascia adherens- along z line
anchors w ACTIN

Gap junctions- 6 connexins make 1 connexon, perpendicular to z line
Ionic coupling

Macula adherens- spot desmosome, present throughout

71
Q

All myocytes are _____

A

Electrochemically coupled

72
Q

Orientation of myocytes in the myocardium

A

Muscle cells in the myocardium

Fibers TWIST for better TORQUE and contraction to support blood expulsion

Closer to Epi- fibers superior to inferior
Middle- fibers run anterior to posterior
Closer to endo- fibers run superior to inferior

73
Q

Adult cardiac myocytes do NOT undergo

A

Hyperplasia (Proliferate! ) They are unable to create more cells
ONLY done by smooth muscle

They do however undergo hypertrophy in response to overload

74
Q

Hypertrophy definition

And describe what occurs in hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

A

Increase in tissue size due to enlargement of cells

Can be done by all muscles

When the heart is being overworked due to a clogged BV, heart pumps harder to make up for it
Which can lead to increased genes, protein synth, and changes to ECM
This interferes with intercalated discs

PATHOLOGIC

Histology (8 decks)

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