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Histology > Blood Cells > Flashcards

Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a _____

A

Fluid and a specialized connective tissue

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2
Q

Blood functions

A 
Transport materials
Transport waste
Immune response
Wound healing
Body temp regulation
Maintains osmotic balance
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3
Q

Blood composition

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements (cells)

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4
Q

Plasma compostition

A

91-92% water
7-8% protein
1-2% other

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5
Q

How much blood is found in a closed circulatory system?

A

About 5-6 Liters

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6
Q

Makeup of cells in blood (the 45%)

A

Mostly RBC, then platelets
Next are neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils

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7
Q

Platelets are also called

A

Thrombocytes

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8
Q

Proportion of leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils 50-70%
  2. Lymphocytes 20-40%
  3. Monocytes 5%
  4. Eosinophils 2-4%
  5. Basophils less than 1%
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9
Q

Blood cells are derived from

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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10
Q

Hematocrit

What is it? How is it found? Men vs women? What is the “Buffy coat”

A

The percent of RBC in the blood

Steps:

  1. When blood is collected and an anticoagulant (HEPARIN) is added
  2. This mix is centrifuged
  3. The RBC layer on the bottom of the tube is the Hematocrit
MEN hematocrit (% RBC in blood)= 39-50% so about 5 mil RBC/mL of blood
Women= 35-45% so about 4.5 mil RBC/mL of blood

Middle layer Buffy coat: platelets and WBC

TOp layer: plasma 55%

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11
Q

Serum vs plasma in a hematocrit

What is the clinical relevance

A

Serum- non RBC layer made WITHOUT anticoagulant = NO FIBRINOGEN. The RBC layer is left to coagulate
Water
Proteins w NO fibrinogen
Solutes

Plasma- non RBC layer made WITH anticoagulant= HAS FIBRINOGEN
Buffy coat forms and blood does not coagulate
Water
Proteins w fibrinogen
Solutes

MAIN DIFFERENCE IS FIBRINOGEN

Clinical relevance: serum and plasma can be used for blood tests
SERUM is usually preferred bc anticoagulants can interfere with certain tests

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12
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

When a clot forms during a hematocrit centrifuge WITH ANTICOAGULATE, fibrinogen in the plasma is converted into fibrin and integrates w the RBC layer

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13
Q 
RBC morphology
AKA
Lifespan
What happens to old ones
Characteristics
A

Erythrocytes
Live about 120 days
Old RBC move to liver spleen and Bone marrow where Macrophages degrade senescent RBC and engulf them

Biconcave discs (center appears lighter on slides)
This provides a greater SA for gas exchange
Anucleate
Initially nucleated but nucleus is spit out during last stage of development
Non-motile
Flexible

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14
Q

What is it called when several RBC are stacked like coins

A

Rouleux formation

*rolex means you got coins

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15
Q

What determines the biconcave shape of RBC?

A

The cytoskeleton of the RBC

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16
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a RBC made of and what are the anchors

A

Made of SPECTRIN

SPECTRIN is a large dimeric protein with two chains
A chain
B chain

A and B chains spiral around each other to make one SPECTRIN
When two of these meet head to head its called a tetramer

Transmembrane proteins:
Band 3- binds ankyrin and hemoglobin
Glycophorin

Transmembrane protein ANCHORS:
Protein 4.1 anchors SPECTRIN to glycophorin with ACTIN
Ankyrin anchors SPECTRIN to band 3

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17
Q

Reticulocyte
What is it
What does it make

A

Immature RBC that makes hemoglobin using polyribosomes
Anucleate
Less than 1% of circulating cells, if higher than 1% this means there is abnormal destruction of RBC and the body is overcompensating to make more

Once reticulocyte becomes mature RBC, it is stuffed with hemoglobin and no longer makes it

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18
Q

Do mature red blood cells make hemoglobin

A

NO, immature reticulocytes make it

Adult RBC just store it

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19
Q

RBC functions

A

Gas exchange

Tissues: deliver oxygen, take co2
Lungs: deliver co2, take oxygen to body

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrier in RBC
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
Iron containing heme groups attach to EACH chain

These iron heme groups have a high affinity for oxygen and carbon monoxide
Co2 can also bind but binding is irreversible

21
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Heme groups on hemoglobin have a high affinity for carbon monoxide, when it is breathed in, the heme attaches to it and this binding is IRREVERSIBLE

22
Q

Venous blood has a ______ oxygen pressure

A

LOW oxygen pressure bc all of the oxygen has gone to the tissues

23
Q

Arterial blood has a _____ oxygen pressure

A

HIGH o2 pressure because these arteries are going from the lungs where oxygen is taken in, they must transport oxy blood to tissues

24
Q 
Blood types
A
B
AB
O
A

A= has A antigens, has B antibodies

B= has B antigens, has A antibodies

AB= has ALL antigens, has NO antibodies
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

O= has NO antigens, has ALL antibodies
UNIVERSAL DONOR

25
Q 
RH factor
Aka
First vs second pregnancy 
What does it cause
Prevention
A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

You either have the rH antigen or you don’t
HAVE IT= +
Do not have it= -

When mother is rH- and fetus is rH+
Ok for first pregnancy, BUT if other pregnancies occur it can become dangerous

FIRST PREGNANCY:

  1. In third trimester fetal blood can leak into mothers circulation through placenta
  2. Mother starts producing rH antibodies due to adaptive immunity
  3. The mothers immune response is too slow to cause any damage to fetus

SECOND PREGNANCY:

  1. Fetal blood leaks into mothers circulation
  2. Mothers previously made antibodies from the first pregnancy travel through placenta to fetus circulation
  3. Antibodies attack fetal blood causing HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA and JAUNDICE

Prevention:
Give the mother anti-rh antibodies before the third trimester
These anti rh antibodies will mask the fetal antigens that leak through
Which in turn inhibits the mothers immune response to make antibodies

26
Q

Hemolytic anemia
What is it
What is it caused by

A

Hypoxic injury to the heart and the liver

Caused by erythroblastosis fetalis (rH factor)

27
Q

Jaundice
what is it
What is it caused by

A

Damage to the CNS

Caused by rH factor

28
Q

Sickle cell anemia
What is it
What is it caused by

A

RBC is sickle shaped
Poor carrier of o2
Stick together due to shape and cause a pile up that obstructs blood flow

Caused by a recessive hereditary disease
where a POINT MUTATION in the beta chain
This changes glutamate ——-> valine
which turns HbA ——-> HbS!!!

29
Q

Heretitary elliptocytosis and spherocytosis

A

RBC lack the biconcave shape and the pale center due to cytoskeleton abnormalities

Ellip: SOME RBC are elliptical shaped
Defect in BAND 4.1 AND SPECTRIN

Sphero: SOME RBC are spherical shaped
Defect in SPECTRIN only

*Spherical = Spectrin ONLY

30
Q

Granule yes

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

*BEN

Short lived

31
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Have a much longer lifespan

32
Q

Primary vs secondary leukocyte granules

A

Granulocytes only

Primary AZUROPHILIC
Present in alllll leukocytes
Lysosome like

Secondary SPECIFIC
present in ONLY granulocytes
Unique to each granulocyte
Lysozyme and enzymes

33
Q

Neutrophils

Granules
Features
Funtions

A

Neutral granules
*neutrophil = neutral granules

Most abundant, first line of defense
Stains light pink
3-5 lobes
Live 6-7hours in circ, 1-4 days in tissues

Functions:
Phagocytosis BACTERIA
Lysozyme and elastase break it down
Motile- half in circ, half loosely attached to endothelium MARGINATION
Diapadesis- trasnmigration, when neutrophils go between endothelial lining into CT to fight infection, DO NOT RE ENTER BLOOD

34
Q

Eosinophils

Granules
Features
Funtions

A

Acidophilic granules
*eosinophilic= acidophilic
BASIC

Features:
Vibrant pink
Bi lobed nucleus
Short lived for about 18 hours 
FIGHT ALLERGY by recruiting basophils and PARASITES
*allergeeeeeeee =eosinophils 
*parasites are EOSY to get rid of

Functions:
Trigger allergic reaction and histamine by basophils

Granule components
Major basic protein - charcot-layden crystals that execute parasites by disrupting membranes, triggers histamine release by basophils

 Cationic protein- neutralizes heparin and disrupts membrane

 Peroxidase - binds microorganisms and recruits macros

 Derived neurotoxin- secretory protein with antiviral activity
35
Q

Basophils

Granules
Features
Funtions

A

Basophilic granules
*basophils= basophilic
ACIDIC

Features:
Stains dark purple
Multilobed nucleus that looks like a ton of dots
Least abundant
Short lived for about 60 hours

Functions:
Similar to mast cells because of their histamine release- activated by antigens and histamine is released by IgE receptors
*igEEEEE = histamineeeeeee

Allergic reaction with HISTAMINE and heparin- vasodilation and increased permeability
Defense against parasitic worms
Deal with acute hypersensitivity reactions

  • Heparin and histamine are ACIDIC
  • Heparin Histamine Hypersensitivity Worms
36
Q

What is considered the first line of defense

A

Innate immunity

NEUTROPHILS

37
Q

MARGINATION

A

When blood cells loosely attach to the endothelium

Neutrophils and platelets

38
Q

Diapadesis

A

Migration of inflammatory cells from circ to CT
They do this when they are ready to attack bacteria and fight infection

Neutrophils

39
Q

Major basic protein -

 Cationic protein- 

 Peroxidase -

 Derived neurotoxin-
A

Eosinophil granules components

MBP: charcot-layden crystals that execute parasites by disrupting membranes, triggers histamine release by basophils

Cationic protein- neutralizes heparin and disrupts membrane

Peroxidase - binds microorganisms and recruits macros

Derived neurotoxin- secretory protein with antiviral activity

40
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocyte
Most cells are small
GOLGI GHOST
Large nucleus takes up most of cell

B or T cells
Both produced in bone marrow, T cells move on to the thymus to mature
Indistinguishable
Most are long lived at around 100-200 days to YEARS——> memory cells
Large= ACTIVE t/b cell or nk cell

Functions:
B cell- activated by Th cell, produce antibodies once they become a plasma cell
T cells- cytotoxic responses or activate B cells
Nk cells- cytotoxic response of tumors and viral cells, INNATE

41
Q

What cell has abundant RER and golgi

A

Plasma cell! They need these to make antibodies

*GOLGI GHOST

42
Q

Monocytes

A

Large
Half moon fat nucleus takes up half of cell, kidney shaped
10-100 hours

They are a precursor to tissue specific macrophages!!
They diff into macrophages inside of tissue

Ie, liver is a kuppfer cell

APC for T cells to recognize

43
Q

Leukocytosis vs leukopenia

A

Leukocytosis: High WBC count, due to infection, greater release from storage

Leukopenia: Low WBC count due to marrow failure due to toxins

44
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

Small
Short lived
Made in bone marrow-Megakaryocytes are precursors

Cytoplasmic channels and high MT content allow shape change
Inactive= sphere
Active= highly convoluted, crinkly

Vacuoles and mito
Integrin proteins on surface act as adhesion receptors

Functions:
Wound plugging
Hemostatis
Secrete factors to stim other cells ie serotonin

45
Q

How to platelets form a plug and what is it called

What granules are involved

A

Hemostatis- hemostatic plug formed
Alpha granules

  1. Vessel ruptures and collagen fibers are exposed
  2. Platelets stick to these fibers due to integrins on surface- adhesion
  3. Platelets make thrombin which turns fibrinogen —-> fibrin filaments
  4. Fibrin forms a mesh work clot
  5. Fibrin secretes factors that recruit other cells for healing
46
Q

Thrombin

A

Produced by platelets

Turn fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation

47
Q

Alpha vs dense vs lysosomal granules in platelets

A

Alpha- proteins that are involved in hemostatis- bleeding prevention
Fibrinogen, plasminogen, platelet derived gf

Dense- mediators of vascular tone
Serotonin is a contractor
Phosphate
ADP

Lysosomal- mediators of thrombus dissolution (fibrinogen into fibrin)

48
Q

Hemophilia

A

Platelet disease

X linked recessive
Causes poor clotting and severe bleeding

Type A and B differ in their clotting factor defects

Treatment= administer synthetic forms of clotting factor

49
Q

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

A

Platelet disease

Autosomal recessive bleeding disorder
Mutation in platelet integrins
Platelets are not able to adhere to finrinogen during clot formation so bleeding continues

Histology (8 decks)

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