Blood Cells Flashcards
Blood is a _____
Fluid and a specialized connective tissue
Blood functions
Transport materials Transport waste Immune response Wound healing Body temp regulation Maintains osmotic balance
Blood composition
55% plasma
45% formed elements (cells)
Plasma compostition
91-92% water
7-8% protein
1-2% other
How much blood is found in a closed circulatory system?
About 5-6 Liters
Makeup of cells in blood (the 45%)
Mostly RBC, then platelets
Next are neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Platelets are also called
Thrombocytes
Proportion of leukocytes
- Neutrophils 50-70%
- Lymphocytes 20-40%
- Monocytes 5%
- Eosinophils 2-4%
- Basophils less than 1%
Blood cells are derived from
Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
Hematocrit
What is it? How is it found? Men vs women? What is the “Buffy coat”
The percent of RBC in the blood
Steps:
- When blood is collected and an anticoagulant (HEPARIN) is added
- This mix is centrifuged
- The RBC layer on the bottom of the tube is the Hematocrit
MEN hematocrit (% RBC in blood)= 39-50% so about 5 mil RBC/mL of blood Women= 35-45% so about 4.5 mil RBC/mL of blood
Middle layer Buffy coat: platelets and WBC
TOp layer: plasma 55%
Serum vs plasma in a hematocrit
What is the clinical relevance
Serum- non RBC layer made WITHOUT anticoagulant = NO FIBRINOGEN. The RBC layer is left to coagulate
Water
Proteins w NO fibrinogen
Solutes
Plasma- non RBC layer made WITH anticoagulant= HAS FIBRINOGEN
Buffy coat forms and blood does not coagulate
Water
Proteins w fibrinogen
Solutes
MAIN DIFFERENCE IS FIBRINOGEN
Clinical relevance: serum and plasma can be used for blood tests
SERUM is usually preferred bc anticoagulants can interfere with certain tests
What is fibrinogen
When a clot forms during a hematocrit centrifuge WITH ANTICOAGULATE, fibrinogen in the plasma is converted into fibrin and integrates w the RBC layer
RBC morphology AKA Lifespan What happens to old ones Characteristics
Erythrocytes
Live about 120 days
Old RBC move to liver spleen and Bone marrow where Macrophages degrade senescent RBC and engulf them
Biconcave discs (center appears lighter on slides)
This provides a greater SA for gas exchange
Anucleate
Initially nucleated but nucleus is spit out during last stage of development
Non-motile
Flexible
What is it called when several RBC are stacked like coins
Rouleux formation
*rolex means you got coins
What determines the biconcave shape of RBC?
The cytoskeleton of the RBC
What is the cytoskeleton of a RBC made of and what are the anchors
Made of SPECTRIN
SPECTRIN is a large dimeric protein with two chains
A chain
B chain
A and B chains spiral around each other to make one SPECTRIN
When two of these meet head to head its called a tetramer
Transmembrane proteins:
Band 3- binds ankyrin and hemoglobin
Glycophorin
Transmembrane protein ANCHORS:
Protein 4.1 anchors SPECTRIN to glycophorin with ACTIN
Ankyrin anchors SPECTRIN to band 3
Reticulocyte
What is it
What does it make
Immature RBC that makes hemoglobin using polyribosomes
Anucleate
Less than 1% of circulating cells, if higher than 1% this means there is abnormal destruction of RBC and the body is overcompensating to make more
Once reticulocyte becomes mature RBC, it is stuffed with hemoglobin and no longer makes it
Do mature red blood cells make hemoglobin
NO, immature reticulocytes make it
Adult RBC just store it
RBC functions
Gas exchange
Tissues: deliver oxygen, take co2
Lungs: deliver co2, take oxygen to body
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrier in RBC
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
Iron containing heme groups attach to EACH chain
These iron heme groups have a high affinity for oxygen and carbon monoxide
Co2 can also bind but binding is irreversible
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Heme groups on hemoglobin have a high affinity for carbon monoxide, when it is breathed in, the heme attaches to it and this binding is IRREVERSIBLE
Venous blood has a ______ oxygen pressure
LOW oxygen pressure bc all of the oxygen has gone to the tissues
Arterial blood has a _____ oxygen pressure
HIGH o2 pressure because these arteries are going from the lungs where oxygen is taken in, they must transport oxy blood to tissues
Blood types A B AB O
A= has A antigens, has B antibodies
B= has B antigens, has A antibodies
AB= has ALL antigens, has NO antibodies
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
O= has NO antigens, has ALL antibodies
UNIVERSAL DONOR
RH factor Aka First vs second pregnancy What does it cause Prevention
Erythroblastosis fetalis
You either have the rH antigen or you don’t
HAVE IT= +
Do not have it= -
When mother is rH- and fetus is rH+
Ok for first pregnancy, BUT if other pregnancies occur it can become dangerous
FIRST PREGNANCY:
- In third trimester fetal blood can leak into mothers circulation through placenta
- Mother starts producing rH antibodies due to adaptive immunity
- The mothers immune response is too slow to cause any damage to fetus
SECOND PREGNANCY:
- Fetal blood leaks into mothers circulation
- Mothers previously made antibodies from the first pregnancy travel through placenta to fetus circulation
- Antibodies attack fetal blood causing HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA and JAUNDICE
Prevention:
Give the mother anti-rh antibodies before the third trimester
These anti rh antibodies will mask the fetal antigens that leak through
Which in turn inhibits the mothers immune response to make antibodies
Hemolytic anemia
What is it
What is it caused by
Hypoxic injury to the heart and the liver
Caused by erythroblastosis fetalis (rH factor)
Jaundice
what is it
What is it caused by
Damage to the CNS
Caused by rH factor
Sickle cell anemia
What is it
What is it caused by
RBC is sickle shaped
Poor carrier of o2
Stick together due to shape and cause a pile up that obstructs blood flow
Caused by a recessive hereditary disease
where a POINT MUTATION in the beta chain
This changes glutamate ——-> valine
which turns HbA ——-> HbS!!!
Heretitary elliptocytosis and spherocytosis
RBC lack the biconcave shape and the pale center due to cytoskeleton abnormalities
Ellip: SOME RBC are elliptical shaped
Defect in BAND 4.1 AND SPECTRIN
Sphero: SOME RBC are spherical shaped
Defect in SPECTRIN only
*Spherical = Spectrin ONLY
Granule yes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
*BEN
Short lived
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Have a much longer lifespan
Primary vs secondary leukocyte granules
Granulocytes only
Primary AZUROPHILIC
Present in alllll leukocytes
Lysosome like
Secondary SPECIFIC
present in ONLY granulocytes
Unique to each granulocyte
Lysozyme and enzymes
Neutrophils
Granules
Features
Funtions
Neutral granules
*neutrophil = neutral granules
Most abundant, first line of defense
Stains light pink
3-5 lobes
Live 6-7hours in circ, 1-4 days in tissues
Functions:
Phagocytosis BACTERIA
Lysozyme and elastase break it down
Motile- half in circ, half loosely attached to endothelium MARGINATION
Diapadesis- trasnmigration, when neutrophils go between endothelial lining into CT to fight infection, DO NOT RE ENTER BLOOD
Eosinophils
Granules
Features
Funtions
Acidophilic granules
*eosinophilic= acidophilic
BASIC
Features: Vibrant pink Bi lobed nucleus Short lived for about 18 hours FIGHT ALLERGY by recruiting basophils and PARASITES *allergeeeeeeee =eosinophils *parasites are EOSY to get rid of
Functions:
Trigger allergic reaction and histamine by basophils
Granule components
Major basic protein - charcot-layden crystals that execute parasites by disrupting membranes, triggers histamine release by basophils
Cationic protein- neutralizes heparin and disrupts membrane Peroxidase - binds microorganisms and recruits macros Derived neurotoxin- secretory protein with antiviral activity
Basophils
Granules
Features
Funtions
Basophilic granules
*basophils= basophilic
ACIDIC
Features: Stains dark purple Multilobed nucleus that looks like a ton of dots Least abundant Short lived for about 60 hours
Functions:
Similar to mast cells because of their histamine release- activated by antigens and histamine is released by IgE receptors
*igEEEEE = histamineeeeeee
Allergic reaction with HISTAMINE and heparin- vasodilation and increased permeability
Defense against parasitic worms
Deal with acute hypersensitivity reactions
- Heparin and histamine are ACIDIC
- Heparin Histamine Hypersensitivity Worms
What is considered the first line of defense
Innate immunity
NEUTROPHILS
MARGINATION
When blood cells loosely attach to the endothelium
Neutrophils and platelets
Diapadesis
Migration of inflammatory cells from circ to CT
They do this when they are ready to attack bacteria and fight infection
Neutrophils
Major basic protein -
Cationic protein- Peroxidase - Derived neurotoxin-
Eosinophil granules components
MBP: charcot-layden crystals that execute parasites by disrupting membranes, triggers histamine release by basophils
Cationic protein- neutralizes heparin and disrupts membrane
Peroxidase - binds microorganisms and recruits macros
Derived neurotoxin- secretory protein with antiviral activity
Lymphocytes
Agranulocyte
Most cells are small
GOLGI GHOST
Large nucleus takes up most of cell
B or T cells
Both produced in bone marrow, T cells move on to the thymus to mature
Indistinguishable
Most are long lived at around 100-200 days to YEARS——> memory cells
Large= ACTIVE t/b cell or nk cell
Functions:
B cell- activated by Th cell, produce antibodies once they become a plasma cell
T cells- cytotoxic responses or activate B cells
Nk cells- cytotoxic response of tumors and viral cells, INNATE
What cell has abundant RER and golgi
Plasma cell! They need these to make antibodies
*GOLGI GHOST
Monocytes
Large
Half moon fat nucleus takes up half of cell, kidney shaped
10-100 hours
They are a precursor to tissue specific macrophages!!
They diff into macrophages inside of tissue
Ie, liver is a kuppfer cell
APC for T cells to recognize
Leukocytosis vs leukopenia
Leukocytosis: High WBC count, due to infection, greater release from storage
Leukopenia: Low WBC count due to marrow failure due to toxins
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Small
Short lived
Made in bone marrow-Megakaryocytes are precursors
Cytoplasmic channels and high MT content allow shape change
Inactive= sphere
Active= highly convoluted, crinkly
Vacuoles and mito
Integrin proteins on surface act as adhesion receptors
Functions:
Wound plugging
Hemostatis
Secrete factors to stim other cells ie serotonin
How to platelets form a plug and what is it called
What granules are involved
Hemostatis- hemostatic plug formed
Alpha granules
- Vessel ruptures and collagen fibers are exposed
- Platelets stick to these fibers due to integrins on surface- adhesion
- Platelets make thrombin which turns fibrinogen —-> fibrin filaments
- Fibrin forms a mesh work clot
- Fibrin secretes factors that recruit other cells for healing
Thrombin
Produced by platelets
Turn fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation
Alpha vs dense vs lysosomal granules in platelets
Alpha- proteins that are involved in hemostatis- bleeding prevention
Fibrinogen, plasminogen, platelet derived gf
Dense- mediators of vascular tone
Serotonin is a contractor
Phosphate
ADP
Lysosomal- mediators of thrombus dissolution (fibrinogen into fibrin)
Hemophilia
Platelet disease
X linked recessive
Causes poor clotting and severe bleeding
Type A and B differ in their clotting factor defects
Treatment= administer synthetic forms of clotting factor
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Platelet disease
Autosomal recessive bleeding disorder
Mutation in platelet integrins
Platelets are not able to adhere to finrinogen during clot formation so bleeding continues
