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Histology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Lip structure

A

Vermilion border- cont w chin skin, ET
Blood vessels

Inner mucosal border- cont w vermilion border
Minor salivary glands

Gingiva- cont w mucosal border

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2
Q

Minor salivary glands use what secretion

A

Constitutive

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3
Q

PDL

A

Cementum to bone

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4
Q

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

Made by?
Derived from?

A

Enamel made by ameloblasts from ectoderm
Derived from oral epithelium

Dentin made by odontoblasts
Derived from neural crest cells

Cementum is secreted by cementocytes, that resemble osteocytes
A vascular

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5
Q

Bottle mouth syndrome

A

When baby teeth decay before they even erupt due to excess sugar consumption

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6
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

Oral cavity w salivary amylase

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7
Q

Oral cavity structure

A
  1. Strat squamous ET for abrasion
  2. Lamina propria w salivary glands
  3. Skeletal muscle
  4. Lymph tissue- diffuse tissue, nodes, and tonsils
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8
Q

Salivary glands are

A

Exocrine glands

Unit: salivon = acinus + intercalated duct + excretory duct

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9
Q

Acinus shapes

A

Sac of cells that make secretory portion of gland

Tubular- tube like
Alveolar- sac like
Intermediate- tubuloalveolar- mix of the two

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10
Q

Gland development

A
  1. Glands arise from epithelium into mesenchyme below
  2. Mesenchyme Cells dediff and proliferate
  3. Epithelial cells grow down into modified mesen cells
  4. Epithelial cells diff into duct and secretory cells
  5. These cells can become mucus, serous, or zero mucous
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11
Q

Three types of cells

A

Mucous

Serous SAC- protein
*serious about protein

Seromucous

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12
Q

Alveolar glands have what cells

Tubular glands have what cells

A

Alveolar= serous SAC—-> wide base small apex

Tubular= mucous —-> cuboidal

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13
Q

Serous demilune

A

Found in tubular glands

Half moon shaped serous cell that secretes lysozyme to breakdown bacterial cell walls

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14
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile

Between epith cell and SM cell
Contract to expel products of acinus into duct

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15
Q

Order of ducts leaving acinus and tissue

A 
Acinus
Intercalated duct -sim squamous 
Striated duct- cuboidal or columnar, has striations 
Lobar duct- Stat columnar
Main duct

*aisle M

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16
Q

Grapes comparison

A

Bunch of grapes lobule

One grape- acinus

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17
Q

Minor vs major salivary glands

A

Minor- constitutive secretion
Housed in lamina propria

Major- regulated secretion

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18
Q

Major salivary secretion

A

ACINUS:
Nerve causes ACTIVE NaCl import
Water follows Passively
IgA, lysozyme, amylase are added to saliva

Intercalated duct: saliva is Isotonic

Striated duct: hypotonic saliva bc NaCl is actively pumped out
Bicarbonate buffer added

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19
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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20
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

PROTEIN

Serous glands
*serious about protein SAC
Stain dark
Many intercalated 
Some Striated ducts
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21
Q

Submandibular salivary gland

A

Mostly serous protein secreting, but mucus also

Serous demilunes visible on mucous cells
Some Intercalated ducts
Many striated ducts

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22
Q

Sublingual salivary gland

A

Mixed but mostly mucous secreting, stains lighter

Not many intercalated or striated ducts

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23
Q

How does saliva keep tooth integrity?

Slatherin and pellicle

A

Slatherin- calcium bind protein that prevent calcium precip, so it can be used to remineralize enamel

Pellicle - thing glycoproteins film that forms on enamel to prevent calcium deposition

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24
Q

Mumps

Sialolithiasis

Sialadentitis

A

M- virus, swollen salivary glands

Lith- stones from calcium deposits

Dent- inflamm of glands, in sjogrens disease

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25
Q

Papillae types

A

Circumvallate- posterior, very large, contain most of taste buds, glands of von ebner

Filiform- finger like, keratinized

Fungiform- mushroom shaped, rare in humans

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26
Q

Glands of von ebner

A

Located on circumvallate papillae

Serous/protein secreting salivary glands to break down food

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27
Q

3 types of taste buds in a taste pore

A

Sustentacular- Support and nourish “nurse cell”

Neuroepithelial- taste receptor cell, covered in microville and project out of taste pore to take in info

Basal cells- adult stem cells

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28
Q

Taste is a chemical sensation:

A
  1. Taste receptor cells at apex binds to tastant molecules
  2. Activates G protein—-> lipase C ——>IP3—-> activates Na+ channels
    * GCIPNA
  3. Na+ influx causes depolarization
  4. calcium channels open for calcium to enter
  5. Neurotransmitter release into synapse to meet gustatory nerve fiber
29
Q

Tonsils

A

First organ of immune defense
Strat squamous et is highly folded

Palatine- active in youth, atrophy in adult
Lingual

30
Q

Palate

Hard vs soft

A

Hard- strat squamous for abrasion, keratinized
Seromucous glands, spicules of bone

Soft- talking, breathing, swallowing, lymph tissue, seromucous glands
Lower=oral cavity- sset
Upper= nasal cavity- respiratory epith pseudo w cilia and goblet cells

31
Q

Pharynx

A

Naso
Oro
Lower

Strat squamous w mixed glands
Made of muscle and elastic tissue

32
Q

Basic structure of GIT

A

Lumen
Mucosa- squamous or columnar, LP, muscularis mucosa w longitudinal layout
Submucosa- DIRCT, loose Ct makes folds, meissner plexus
Muscularis externa- inner circular, Auerbach plexus, outer long
Serosa- CT and outer simple squamous et

33
Q

Meissners vs Auerbach plexus

A

Innervation
Nerves

M- after submucosa,

A- between muscularis externa layers

34
Q

Esophagus

A

Lumen- Strat squamous for abrasion
LP has thin walled veins
Sub has seromucous glands

35
Q

Stomach

A

Epithelium CHANGES TO SIMPLE COLUMNAR!!! Metaplasia

Sub has NO glands

36
Q

Metaplasia

A

When lining of et changes from Strat squamous to simple columnar!

BAD when the esophagus changes bc of acid, these cells become more prone to cancer

37
Q

Parts of stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundic
Body
Pyloric- h pylori here that causes ulcers

38
Q

Stomach function

A 
Turns food into chyme
Produces hormones and dig enzymes
Produces acid HCl
Tight junctions to protect from acid
Mucus to protect

Little absorption of water, asp, caffeine, alcohol

39
Q

Mucinogen granules

A

Secrete mucus in the epithelium of sim columnar

Protects cells from stomach acid

40
Q

Gastric pits and glands order

A 
pit
Gland made of 3 parts
Isthmus
Neck
Base
41
Q

Isthmus
Neck
Base

A

Isthmus:
parietal cells- secrete HCl
Secrete GIT which tells cells to uptake vitamin B12
inhibits HCl w somatostatin and secretin to stop H+ pumping

Neck:
Parietal
Stem cells- regen of gastric cells w mitotic activity
Mucous

Base:
Parietal
Mucous
Chief cell- pepsinogen to pepsin and lipase
Neuroendocrine
42
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl
Gastric Intrinsic Factor- tells cells to uptake B12

Acidophilic BASIC PINK

*parietal is basic pink

43
Q

B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia

44
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Chief cell- pepsinogen to pepsin and lipase
Base

Basophilic ACIDIC BLUE

*baso blue

45
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

Base

Produce hormones and coordinate GI activity
Look like triangle

46
Q

Lengths of gastric pits

A

Cardiac= lengths are equal

Fundic and body= short pits, long glands bc this is where gland secretion is most needed

Pyloric= large PITS, short coiled glands
*pyloric pits

47
Q

Gastric artery enters

A

Through serosa

48
Q

In mucosa vessels are

A

Fenestrated capillaries w sinusoids

Adjacent to gastric glands

49
Q

H pylori steps

A

Pyloric location

Activation: Ammonia produced to increase pH
Stationary: attach to mucous cells and initiate inflam response
Colonization: detach from receptor and replicate, attach to acid containing proteins in mucous blanket of columnar cells

50
Q

Regeneration of gastric cells

A

High acidity means a high turnover rate

Stem cells in the neck of gastric glands, constantly replace mucous cells at the surface

During injury, stem cells prolif into epithelial cells
Invaginate and form pits/glands and mucous/parietal/chief cells

51
Q

Small intestine

A

DJI

Absorbs nutrients
Continues digestion

52
Q

Intestinal structural specializations

A

1 degree= plicae circularis, large lump
2 degree= villi, many on one plicae
3 degree= crypts of lebrocomb, invaginations between villi
4 degree= microvilli that line villi and COL, ‘ACTIN

53
Q 
Small intestine cells :
Goblet 
Enterocytes
Lacteal
Enteroendocrine
Paneth cell
A

Columnar ET
Goblet cells- create glycocalyx for protection and digestive enzymes
Enterocytes= absorptive cells
Lacteal= in microvilli, absorbs lipids
Enteroendocrine- aka APUD, only acts on Ps!! To regulate pH
in duodenum chyme stimulates secretion of
1) secretin and 2)CCK
These can:
A) go to pancreases to secrete PES/bicarbonate into duodenum OR
B)stim gall bladder contraction which secrete bile into the duodenum for excretion

Paneth cell: base of crypts, defensins like lysozyme and tumor necrosis factor
Protect and nourish, RED in color

54
Q

CCK vs Secretin

A

CCK slows down emptying by acting on pyloric sphincter
Stim bile release from gall bladder and pancreatic enzymes

Secretin stim pancreatic bicarbonate release
Enhances insulin secretion

55
Q

How does digested material get to BV in lamina propria?

2 pathways

A

Transcellular: goes through enterocytes, USUAL

Paracellular- goes between enterocytes which requires a breach of tight junctions so they are more RARE

56
Q

All digestive cellls are located at ___ of enterocytes

A

Apical surface

57
Q

Where does most digestion occur

A

Lumen of small intestine

58
Q

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

A

D- brunners glands in prominent submucosa
Short/broad villi

J- nothing special, long linger like villi with lacteals, NO brunners/peyers

I- peyers patches
Short villi

59
Q

Brunners glands

A

Duodenum submucosa
Secrete bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
Activated by parasympathetic for rest and digest

60
Q

Peyers patches

A

Ileum submucosa
Part of GALT (GI Lymph Tissue)

Large lymphatic nodules in LP/sub mucosa
Have a germinal center w B/T cells and APC
Lined by enterocytes and M cells

61
Q

M cell function

A

Line peyers patches around germinal center. In ILEUM

  1. Sample antigens by transporting antigens to the LP for APC to uptake and present
    APC migrates to lymph node and present antigen to tH cells (activate B cells for AB)
    Antibodies secreted into lumen
  2. Work w plasma cells to phagocytize bacteria w IgA
62
Q

GIT innervation

Extrinsic vs intrinsic

A

Extrinsic- CNS, controls SM contraction, segmentation, and peristalsis
1) Auerbach plexus> between circ and long layers of musc externa
PARA and SYMP

2) meissner plexus> between submucosa and and circ layer of musc externa
PARA ONLY- rest and digest

Intrinsic- AKA enteric nervous system
nerves within mucosa and musc externa!
Formed from neural crest cells
Controls digestion by changing the motility and secretion

63
Q

Segmentation vs peristalsis

A

Both work by plexus, extrinsic innervation

Segmentation- discoordinated contractions to MIX

Peristalsis- coordinated contractions to MOVE

64
Q

Large intestine aka

A

Colon

NO VILLI
Columnar epithelial tissue
COL
Same cell types

Musc externa has inner circ, 3 outer long ribbons of SM >TENIA COLI, suppress colon into haustra coli when contracted
HAUSTRA COLI are segments of large intestine that contract independently

65
Q

Colon functions

A

Extract water and salts
Fecal compaction bc water goes out
Peristalsis to the rectum

Controlled by intrinsic (enteric nervous system)

66
Q

Hirschprungs disease

A

Mutation in 2 genes causing defective migration of neural crest cells during embryogenesis
Which means ABSENCE OF MEISSNERS AND AURBACHS PLEXUS
And colon cannot innervate= mega colon
collection of fecal material means you feel like you have to poop but you can’t

67
Q

Appendix

A

Extension of cecum first part of large intestine
Has lymph tissue in submucosa
NO villi in lumen
Filled with scar tissue and can become obstructed> appendicitis

68
Q

Rectum

A 
Thick mucosa w goblet cells
Prom veins
No villi
Long COL
Columnar

Has sphincter muscle at the end to control pooping

69
Q

Anal canal

A

ET changes from simple columnar to STRAT SQUAMOUS for abrasion
Other than that sim to rectum

Histology (8 decks)

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