Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Lip structure

A

Vermilion border- cont w chin skin, ET
Blood vessels

Inner mucosal border- cont w vermilion border
Minor salivary glands

Gingiva- cont w mucosal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Minor salivary glands use what secretion

A

Constitutive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PDL

A

Cementum to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

Made by?
Derived from?

A

Enamel made by ameloblasts from ectoderm
Derived from oral epithelium

Dentin made by odontoblasts
Derived from neural crest cells

Cementum is secreted by cementocytes, that resemble osteocytes
A vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bottle mouth syndrome

A

When baby teeth decay before they even erupt due to excess sugar consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

Oral cavity w salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oral cavity structure

A
  1. Strat squamous ET for abrasion
  2. Lamina propria w salivary glands
  3. Skeletal muscle
  4. Lymph tissue- diffuse tissue, nodes, and tonsils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Salivary glands are

A

Exocrine glands

Unit: salivon = acinus + intercalated duct + excretory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acinus shapes

A

Sac of cells that make secretory portion of gland

Tubular- tube like
Alveolar- sac like
Intermediate- tubuloalveolar- mix of the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gland development

A
  1. Glands arise from epithelium into mesenchyme below
  2. Mesenchyme Cells dediff and proliferate
  3. Epithelial cells grow down into modified mesen cells
  4. Epithelial cells diff into duct and secretory cells
  5. These cells can become mucus, serous, or zero mucous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Three types of cells

A

Mucous

Serous SAC- protein
*serious about protein

Seromucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alveolar glands have what cells

Tubular glands have what cells

A

Alveolar= serous SAC—-> wide base small apex

Tubular= mucous —-> cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Serous demilune

A

Found in tubular glands

Half moon shaped serous cell that secretes lysozyme to breakdown bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile

Between epith cell and SM cell
Contract to expel products of acinus into duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Order of ducts leaving acinus and tissue

A 
Acinus
Intercalated duct -sim squamous 
Striated duct- cuboidal or columnar, has striations 
Lobar duct- Stat columnar
Main duct

*aisle M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Grapes comparison

A

Bunch of grapes lobule

One grape- acinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Minor vs major salivary glands

A

Minor- constitutive secretion
Housed in lamina propria

Major- regulated secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Major salivary secretion

A

ACINUS:
Nerve causes ACTIVE NaCl import
Water follows Passively
IgA, lysozyme, amylase are added to saliva

Intercalated duct: saliva is Isotonic

Striated duct: hypotonic saliva bc NaCl is actively pumped out
Bicarbonate buffer added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

PROTEIN

Serous glands
*serious about protein SAC
Stain dark
Many intercalated 
Some Striated ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Submandibular salivary gland

A

Mostly serous protein secreting, but mucus also

Serous demilunes visible on mucous cells
Some Intercalated ducts
Many striated ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sublingual salivary gland

A

Mixed but mostly mucous secreting, stains lighter

Not many intercalated or striated ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does saliva keep tooth integrity?

Slatherin and pellicle

A

Slatherin- calcium bind protein that prevent calcium precip, so it can be used to remineralize enamel

Pellicle - thing glycoproteins film that forms on enamel to prevent calcium deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mumps

Sialolithiasis

Sialadentitis

A

M- virus, swollen salivary glands

Lith- stones from calcium deposits

Dent- inflamm of glands, in sjogrens disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Papillae types
Circumvallate- posterior, very large, contain most of taste buds, glands of von ebner Filiform- finger like, keratinized Fungiform- mushroom shaped, rare in humans
26
Glands of von ebner
Located on circumvallate papillae | Serous/protein secreting salivary glands to break down food
27
3 types of taste buds in a taste pore
Sustentacular- Support and nourish “nurse cell” Neuroepithelial- taste receptor cell, covered in microville and project out of taste pore to take in info Basal cells- adult stem cells
28
Taste is a chemical sensation:
1. Taste receptor cells at apex binds to tastant molecules 2. Activates G protein—-> lipase C ——>IP3—-> activates Na+ channels * GCIPNA 3. Na+ influx causes depolarization 4. calcium channels open for calcium to enter 5. Neurotransmitter release into synapse to meet gustatory nerve fiber
29
Tonsils
First organ of immune defense Strat squamous et is highly folded Palatine- active in youth, atrophy in adult Lingual
30
Palate | Hard vs soft
Hard- strat squamous for abrasion, keratinized Seromucous glands, spicules of bone Soft- talking, breathing, swallowing, lymph tissue, seromucous glands Lower=oral cavity- sset Upper= nasal cavity- respiratory epith pseudo w cilia and goblet cells
31
Pharynx
Naso Oro Lower Strat squamous w mixed glands Made of muscle and elastic tissue
32
Basic structure of GIT
Lumen Mucosa- squamous or columnar, LP, muscularis mucosa w longitudinal layout Submucosa- DIRCT, loose Ct makes folds, meissner plexus Muscularis externa- inner circular, Auerbach plexus, outer long Serosa- CT and outer simple squamous et
33
Meissners vs Auerbach plexus
Innervation Nerves M- after submucosa, A- between muscularis externa layers
34
Esophagus
Lumen- Strat squamous for abrasion LP has thin walled veins Sub has seromucous glands
35
Stomach
Epithelium CHANGES TO SIMPLE COLUMNAR!!! Metaplasia Sub has NO glands
36
Metaplasia
When lining of et changes from Strat squamous to simple columnar! BAD when the esophagus changes bc of acid, these cells become more prone to cancer
37
Parts of stomach
Cardiac Fundic Body Pyloric- h pylori here that causes ulcers
38
Stomach function
``` Turns food into chyme Produces hormones and dig enzymes Produces acid HCl Tight junctions to protect from acid Mucus to protect ``` Little absorption of water, asp, caffeine, alcohol
39
Mucinogen granules
Secrete mucus in the epithelium of sim columnar | Protects cells from stomach acid
40
Gastric pits and glands order
``` pit Gland made of 3 parts Isthmus Neck Base ```
41
Isthmus Neck Base
Isthmus: parietal cells- secrete HCl Secrete GIT which tells cells to uptake vitamin B12 inhibits HCl w somatostatin and secretin to stop H+ pumping Neck: Parietal Stem cells- regen of gastric cells w mitotic activity Mucous ``` Base: Parietal Mucous Chief cell- pepsinogen to pepsin and lipase Neuroendocrine ```
42
Parietal cells secrete
HCl Gastric Intrinsic Factor- tells cells to uptake B12 Acidophilic BASIC PINK *parietal is basic pink
43
B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
44
Chief cells secrete
Chief cell- pepsinogen to pepsin and lipase Base Basophilic ACIDIC BLUE *baso blue
45
Neuroendocrine cells
Base Produce hormones and coordinate GI activity Look like triangle
46
Lengths of gastric pits
Cardiac= lengths are equal Fundic and body= short pits, long glands bc this is where gland secretion is most needed Pyloric= large PITS, short coiled glands *pyloric pits
47
Gastric artery enters
Through serosa
48
In mucosa vessels are
Fenestrated capillaries w sinusoids | Adjacent to gastric glands
49
H pylori steps
Pyloric location Activation: Ammonia produced to increase pH Stationary: attach to mucous cells and initiate inflam response Colonization: detach from receptor and replicate, attach to acid containing proteins in mucous blanket of columnar cells
50
Regeneration of gastric cells
High acidity means a high turnover rate Stem cells in the neck of gastric glands, constantly replace mucous cells at the surface During injury, stem cells prolif into epithelial cells Invaginate and form pits/glands and mucous/parietal/chief cells
51
Small intestine
DJI Absorbs nutrients Continues digestion
52
Intestinal structural specializations
1 degree= plicae circularis, large lump 2 degree= villi, many on one plicae 3 degree= crypts of lebrocomb, invaginations between villi 4 degree= microvilli that line villi and COL, ‘ACTIN
53
``` Small intestine cells : Goblet Enterocytes Lacteal Enteroendocrine Paneth cell ```
Columnar ET Goblet cells- create glycocalyx for protection and digestive enzymes Enterocytes= absorptive cells Lacteal= in microvilli, absorbs lipids Enteroendocrine- aka APUD, only acts on Ps!! To regulate pH in duodenum chyme stimulates secretion of 1) secretin and 2)CCK These can: A) go to pancreases to secrete PES/bicarbonate into duodenum OR B)stim gall bladder contraction which secrete bile into the duodenum for excretion Paneth cell: base of crypts, defensins like lysozyme and tumor necrosis factor Protect and nourish, RED in color
54
CCK vs Secretin
CCK slows down emptying by acting on pyloric sphincter Stim bile release from gall bladder and pancreatic enzymes Secretin stim pancreatic bicarbonate release Enhances insulin secretion
55
How does digested material get to BV in lamina propria? | 2 pathways
Transcellular: goes through enterocytes, USUAL Paracellular- goes between enterocytes which requires a breach of tight junctions so they are more RARE
56
All digestive cellls are located at ___ of enterocytes
Apical surface
57
Where does most digestion occur
Lumen of small intestine
58
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
D- brunners glands in prominent submucosa Short/broad villi J- nothing special, long linger like villi with lacteals, NO brunners/peyers I- peyers patches Short villi
59
Brunners glands
Duodenum submucosa Secrete bicarbonate to neutralize chyme Activated by parasympathetic for rest and digest
60
Peyers patches
Ileum submucosa Part of GALT (GI Lymph Tissue) Large lymphatic nodules in LP/sub mucosa Have a germinal center w B/T cells and APC Lined by enterocytes and M cells
61
M cell function
Line peyers patches around germinal center. In ILEUM 1. Sample antigens by transporting antigens to the LP for APC to uptake and present APC migrates to lymph node and present antigen to tH cells (activate B cells for AB) Antibodies secreted into lumen 2. Work w plasma cells to phagocytize bacteria w IgA
62
GIT innervation | Extrinsic vs intrinsic
Extrinsic- CNS, controls SM contraction, segmentation, and peristalsis 1) Auerbach plexus> between circ and long layers of musc externa PARA and SYMP 2) meissner plexus> between submucosa and and circ layer of musc externa PARA ONLY- rest and digest Intrinsic- AKA enteric nervous system nerves within mucosa and musc externa! Formed from neural crest cells Controls digestion by changing the motility and secretion
63
Segmentation vs peristalsis
Both work by plexus, extrinsic innervation Segmentation- discoordinated contractions to MIX Peristalsis- coordinated contractions to MOVE
64
Large intestine aka
Colon NO VILLI Columnar epithelial tissue COL Same cell types Musc externa has inner circ, 3 outer long ribbons of SM >TENIA COLI, suppress colon into haustra coli when contracted HAUSTRA COLI are segments of large intestine that contract independently
65
Colon functions
Extract water and salts Fecal compaction bc water goes out Peristalsis to the rectum Controlled by intrinsic (enteric nervous system)
66
Hirschprungs disease
Mutation in 2 genes causing defective migration of neural crest cells during embryogenesis Which means ABSENCE OF MEISSNERS AND AURBACHS PLEXUS And colon cannot innervate= mega colon collection of fecal material means you feel like you have to poop but you can’t
67
Appendix
Extension of cecum first part of large intestine Has lymph tissue in submucosa NO villi in lumen Filled with scar tissue and can become obstructed> appendicitis
68
Rectum
``` Thick mucosa w goblet cells Prom veins No villi Long COL Columnar ``` Has sphincter muscle at the end to control pooping
69
Anal canal
ET changes from simple columnar to STRAT SQUAMOUS for abrasion Other than that sim to rectum

Histology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions