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Pathology > Liver and Gallbladder > Flashcards

Liver and Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

Conditions for acute liver injury

A

80-90% parenchymal loss within 26 weeks post-insult, no pre-existing liver disease, enceph or coagulopathy

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2
Q

Kidney failure in liver failure patients without an intrinsic kidney dysfunction

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

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3
Q

Transformation of liver into regenerating parenchymal nodules surrounded by dense bands of scar with variable degrees of vascular shunting

A

Cirrhosis

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4
Q

Most common cause of portal HTN

A

Cirrhosis

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5
Q

Major outcomes of portal HTN

A

APES - ascites, portosystemic shunt, enceph, splenomegaly

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6
Q

Present in hepatopulmonary syndrome due to V/Q mismatch

A

Platypnea (dyspnea on upright position as V/Q mismatch is accentuated)

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7
Q

Hallmark of chronic viral hepatitis

A

Portal inflammation (absent in acute)

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8
Q

Eosinophilic inclusions found in viral hepatitis

A

Councilman bodies

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9
Q

Circulating antibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

A

ANA and anti-SMA (occurs in older people, more favorable prognosis)

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10
Q

Circulating antibodies in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis

A

Anti-LKM-1 (occurs in kids and teens, less favorable prognosis)

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11
Q

Predictable, dose-dependent hepatotoxic drug

A

Paracetamol / acetaminophen

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12
Q

Idiosyncratic, dose-independent hepatotoxic drug

A

Chlorpromazine and halothane

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13
Q

Three morphologic patterns of alcoholic liver disease

A

Hepatocellular steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatofibrosis

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14
Q

Level of alcohol ingestion needed for development of alcoholic liver disease

A

80 g/day (AST > ALT elevation)

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15
Q

Found in alcoholic steatohepatitis

A

Mallory-Denk bodies

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16
Q

Found in alcoholic steatofibrosis

A

Perisinusoidal chicken wire fence pattern of fibrosis

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17
Q

Triad of hemochromatosis (200x greater risk for HCC)

A

Micronodular cirrhosis, DM, abnormal skin pigmentation

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18
Q

Impaired copper excretion into bile and incorporation to ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease

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19
Q

Manifestations of Wilson disease in liver, brain, and eye

A

Liver: steatosis to cirrhosis, brain: putaminal atrophy and cavitations leading to movement d/o, Eye: Kayser-Fleisher rings in corneal limbus

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20
Q

Bilirubin level for jaundice

A

2-2.5 mg/dl

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21
Q

Most common cause of large bile duct obstruction in children

A

Biliary atresia

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22
Q

Charcot’s triad of ascending cholangitis

A

Fever, RUQ pain, jaundice (+ mental status changes and hypotension for Raynaud’s pentad)

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23
Q

Causes of neonatal cholestasis

A

Neonatal hepatitis vs extrahepatic biliary atresia (correct with Kasai procedure)

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24
Q

Main diseases of autoimmune cholangiopathies

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis

25
Q

Autoimmune cholangiopathy that occurs more in 50 year females

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (vs younger males for sclerosing cholangitis)

26
Q

Autoimmune cholangiopathy associated with Sjogren’s, scleroderma, and thyroid disease

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (vs IBD for sclerosing cholangitis)

27
Q

Autoimmune cholangiopathy 95% AMA positive

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (vs ANCA for sclerosing cholangitis)

28
Q

Autoimmune cholangiopathy that has microndoular cirrhosis with hepatomegaly

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

29
Q

Autoimmune cholangiopathy with increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

30
Q

Triad of choledochal cyst

A

Pain, jaundice, abdominal mass

31
Q

Choldechal cyst with cystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts

A

Caroli disease

32
Q

Most common cause of impaired blood inflow and small portal vein obstruction

A

Schistosomiasis

33
Q

Most common cause of impaired intrahepatic blood flow

A

Cirrhosis

34
Q

Characterized by obstruction of 2 or more hepatic veins via thrombosis, with liver enlargement pain and ascites, and hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

35
Q

Pattern caused by centrilobular ischemic coagulative necrosis in left sided HF

A

Nutmeg liver (from hypoperfusion)

36
Q

Most common benign liver tumor

A

Cavernous hemagioma

37
Q

Most common liver tumor of early childhood

A

Hepatoblastoma

38
Q

Most common tumor of the liver

A

Mets

39
Q

Most common primary malignant liver tumor

A

HCC

40
Q

Second most common primary malignant liver tumor

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

41
Q

Angiography pattern of liver nodules

A

Hypervascular (and with normal to increased uptake on liver scan)

42
Q

Angiography pattern of hepatocellular adenoma

A

Hypovascular (and with no uptake on liver scan)

43
Q

Liver mass associated with increased risk of malignant transformation from OCP use

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

44
Q

Tumor marker for HCC

A

AFP

45
Q

Parasitic causes of cholangiocarcinoma

A

The liver flukes Opistorchis and Clonorchis

46
Q

Most common location of cholangiocarcinoma

A

Perihilar (Klatskin tumor)

47
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of the gallbladder

A

Folded fundus or phrygian cap

48
Q

Condition where large GB stone erodes into adjacent small bowel

A

Gallstone ileus or Bouveret syndrome

49
Q

Radiolucent GB stone

A

Black pigment stone

50
Q

Mucosal outpouchings seen in chronic cholecystitis

A

Rochitansky-Aschoff sinuses

51
Q

Form of chronic cholecystitis associated with increased risk for CA

A

Porcelain GB

52
Q

Most common malignancy of the extrahepatic HBT

A

GB adenocarcinoma

53
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic divisum (wherein bulk of parenchyma drained by small duct, predisposing to chronic pancreatitis)

54
Q

Congenital anomaly of the pancreas that can cause duodenal obstruction

A

Annular pancreas

55
Q

Most common sites for ectopic pancreas

A

Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, Meckel’s, ileum

56
Q

Germline mutation causes pancreatic agenesis

A

PDX1 mutation

57
Q

Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol abuse

58
Q

Most frequently oncogene in pancreatic CA

A

KRAS (as in pancKReAS) [while smoking is the most important environmental risk factor]

59
Q

Tumor marker for pancreatic CA

A

CA 19-9 (because a 9 on its side looks like the pancKReAS)

Pathology (13 decks)

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