Kidney

Question 1

Acute glomerular response to injury

Answer 1

Hypercellularity

Question 2

Chronic glomerular response to injury

Answer 2

BM thickening (seen with PAS) and hyalinosis / sclerosis (collagen)

Question 3

Second most common cause of AKI

Answer 3

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

Question 4

Reason why even selective NSAIDs such as celecoxib may damage the kidneys

Answer 4

COX-2 is expressed in the kidneys

Question 5

Histology of nephrosclerosis

Answer 5

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis (from essential HTN)

Question 6

Histology of malignant nephrosclerosis

Answer 6

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis or onion-skinning, because of thrombosis, seen in malignant HTN

Question 7

Mutation in AD polycystic kidney disease

Answer 7

PKD1 (more common, more severe) and PKD 2 (less common, less severe) in ADults

Question 8

Associated anomalies with AD PCKD

Answer 8

Liver cysts, berry aneurysm, MVP

Question 9

Most common type of urolithiasis

Answer 9

Calcium stones

Question 10

Most important determinant of stone formation

Answer 10

Supersaturation

Question 11

Urolith that occurs in basic urine

Answer 11

Mg-NH4-PO4 / triple PO4 / struvite (associated with Proteus and staghorn)

Question 12

Urolith that is radiolucent

Answer 12

Uric acid

Question 13

Most important risk factor for renal cell CA

Answer 13

Smoking

Question 14

Incidence of subtypes of renal cell CA

Answer 14

Clear cell > papillary (with Psammoma bodies) > chromophone

Question 15

Associated with clear cell renal cell CA

Answer 15

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

Question 16

Third most common renal malignancy (after renal cell CA and Wilm’s) associated with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and analgesic nephropathy

Answer 16

Urothelial CA of the renal pelvis

Question 17

Most common histology of bladder CA

Answer 17

Urothelial

Question 18

Most important risk factor for bladder CA

Answer 18

Smoking (others include arylamines, schisto, long-term analgesic use, heavy cyclophosphamide use, radiation)

Question 19

Most common sarcoma of the bladder in infants and children (grape-like!)

Answer 19

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma or sarcoma botryoides

Question 20

Infectious causes of urethritis

Answer 20

N. gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum

Question 21

Eponym for carcinoma in situ of the penis, associated with erythroplasia of Queyrat

Answer 21

Bowen disease (10% chance of subsequent penile SCCA)

Question 22

Most common site of cryptochordism

Answer 22

Inguinal canal (during the most common phase of arrest, inguinoscrotal at the 4th to 7th month AOG)

Question 23

Golden window for testicular torsion

Answer 23

6 hours

Question 24

Most common cause of painless testicular enlargement

Answer 24

Testicular tumor (95% germ cell, 5% sex cord stromal)

Question 25

Most common site of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and CA

Answer 25

Peripheral zone (vs transitional zone for NPH)

Question 26

Most common CA in males

Answer 26

Prostate

Question 27

Mediator of prostatic growth

Answer 27

5-DHT (enzyme: 5 alpha reductase)

Question 28

Most common form of prostatitis

Answer 28

Chronic abacterial prostatitis (C. trachomatis, M. hominis, Trichomonas, U. urealyticum)

Question 29

Associated with painful ejaculation

Answer 29

Chronic abacterial prostatitis

Question 30

Associated with history of recurrent UTI

Answer 30

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

Question 31

Most common symptom of prostate CA

Answer 31

Dysuria

Question 32

Most common site of prostate CA mets

Answer 32

Bone: Lumbar > proximal femur > pelvis >thoracic spine > ribs

Question 33

Used to grade prostate CA based on glandular pattern and degree of differentiation

Answer 33

Gleason scoring

Question 34

If positive in prostate CA, outcome is fatal regardless of T

Answer 34

Nodal status