Kidney Flashcards
Acute glomerular response to injury
Hypercellularity
Chronic glomerular response to injury
BM thickening (seen with PAS) and hyalinosis / sclerosis (collagen)
Second most common cause of AKI
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Reason why even selective NSAIDs such as celecoxib may damage the kidneys
COX-2 is expressed in the kidneys
Histology of nephrosclerosis
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis (from essential HTN)
Histology of malignant nephrosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis or onion-skinning, because of thrombosis, seen in malignant HTN
Mutation in AD polycystic kidney disease
PKD1 (more common, more severe) and PKD 2 (less common, less severe) in ADults
Associated anomalies with AD PCKD
Liver cysts, berry aneurysm, MVP
Most common type of urolithiasis
Calcium stones
Most important determinant of stone formation
Supersaturation
Urolith that occurs in basic urine
Mg-NH4-PO4 / triple PO4 / struvite (associated with Proteus and staghorn)
Urolith that is radiolucent
Uric acid
Most important risk factor for renal cell CA
Smoking
Incidence of subtypes of renal cell CA
Clear cell > papillary (with Psammoma bodies) > chromophone
Associated with clear cell renal cell CA
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Third most common renal malignancy (after renal cell CA and Wilm’s) associated with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and analgesic nephropathy
Urothelial CA of the renal pelvis
Most common histology of bladder CA
Urothelial
Most important risk factor for bladder CA
Smoking (others include arylamines, schisto, long-term analgesic use, heavy cyclophosphamide use, radiation)
Most common sarcoma of the bladder in infants and children (grape-like!)
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma or sarcoma botryoides
Infectious causes of urethritis
N. gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum
Eponym for carcinoma in situ of the penis, associated with erythroplasia of Queyrat
Bowen disease (10% chance of subsequent penile SCCA)
Most common site of cryptochordism
Inguinal canal (during the most common phase of arrest, inguinoscrotal at the 4th to 7th month AOG)
Golden window for testicular torsion
6 hours
Most common cause of painless testicular enlargement
Testicular tumor (95% germ cell, 5% sex cord stromal)
Most common site of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and CA
Peripheral zone (vs transitional zone for NPH)
Most common CA in males
Prostate
Mediator of prostatic growth
5-DHT (enzyme: 5 alpha reductase)
Most common form of prostatitis
Chronic abacterial prostatitis (C. trachomatis, M. hominis, Trichomonas, U. urealyticum)
Associated with painful ejaculation
Chronic abacterial prostatitis
Associated with history of recurrent UTI
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Most common symptom of prostate CA
Dysuria
Most common site of prostate CA mets
Bone: Lumbar > proximal femur > pelvis >thoracic spine > ribs
Used to grade prostate CA based on glandular pattern and degree of differentiation
Gleason scoring
If positive in prostate CA, outcome is fatal regardless of T
Nodal status
