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Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of malignant hypertension

A

> 200/>120 mmHg

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2
Q

Key initiating event in essential hypertension

A

Reduced renal Na secretion

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3
Q

Gain of function mutation of ENaC channel

A

Liddle syndrome

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4
Q

Seen in malignant HTN

A

Laminated thickening or onion-skin lesions (hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis)

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5
Q

Seen in essential HTN

A

Hyaline material (hyaline arteriolosclerosis)

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6
Q

Diagnostic lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Atheroma or atheromatous plaque

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7
Q

Components of atherogenesis

A

Endothelial injury, accumulation of lipoproteins in vessel wall, migration of smooth muscle cells into into intima (neo-intima), intra and extracellular lipid accumulation

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8
Q

Initial lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Fatty streak with foam cells

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9
Q

Structural parts of a plaque

A

Fibrous cap and lipid core

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10
Q

Most common sites of involvement

A

Lower abd aorta > coronary > popliteal > ICA > Circle of Willis

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11
Q

Critical stenosis (level at which tissue ischemia starts)

A

70% at coronaries

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12
Q

True aneurysm vs false aneurysm

A

True if intact vascular wall, false if there is compromise with extravascular hematoma

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13
Q

Blood tunnels between layers of wall, most commonly due to intimal tear

A

Dissection

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14
Q

Both ascending and descending dissection

A

DeBakey I

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15
Q

Ascending dissection

A

DeBakey II

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16
Q

Descending dissection

A

DeBakey III

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17
Q

Stanford A

A

DeBakey I and II (both and ascending only)

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18
Q

Stanford B

A

DeBakey III (descending only)

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19
Q

Basis of classification of vasculitides

A

By size of vessels affected (large, medium, small)

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20
Q

Morphology of large vessel vasculitis

A

Granulomatous

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21
Q

Morphology of medium and small vessel vasculitis

A

Necrotizing

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22
Q

Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis

A

Large vessel

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23
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki

A

Medium vessel

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24
Q

MPO-ANCA (p-ANCA): Microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome

A

Small vessel

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25
PR3-ANCA (c-ANCA): Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's granulomatosis)
Small vessel
26
Mechanism of large vessel vasculitis
Cell-mediated (T-cells)
27
Mechanism of Kawasaki
Anti-endothelial cell antibody
28
Mechanism of polyarteritis nodasa
Immune complex (associated with chronic hep B)
29
Mechanism of small vessel vasculitis
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies
30
Vessel involved in giant cell arteritis
Temporal, can be ophthalmic
31
Vessel involved in Takayasu
Branches of the aortic arch
32
Characterized by marked weakening of UE pulses (pulseless disease)
Takayasu
33
Vasculitis morphology characterized by medial granulomatous inflammation with fragmentation of internal elastic lamina
Large vessel vasculitides (giant cell arteritis and Takayasu)
34
Vasculitis associated with chronic hep B infection
Polyarteritis nodosa
35
Important cause of MI in children due to coronary aneurysm
Kawasaki
36
Vessels involved in polyarteritis nodosa
Renal and visceral (NEVER PULMONARY)
37
Vasculitis morphology characterized by segmental, transmural necrotizing inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis with temporal heterogeneity
Polyarteritis nodosa > Kawasaki
38
Small vessel vasculitis associated with connective tissue disorders
Microscopic polyangiitis
39
Small vessel vasculitis associated with asthma, AR, eosinophilia
Churg-Strauss (chARN - AR, asthma)
40
Aka MPO-ANCA or p-ANCA vasculitis
Microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss
41
Vessels involved in microscopic polyangiitis
Viscera, kidneys and lungs
42
Vessels involved in Churg-Strauss
Cutaneous, GI, renal, cardiac (may cause cardiomyopathy)
43
Vasculitis morphology characterized by segmental, transmural necrotizing inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis with temporal HOMOGENEITY
Microscopic polyangiitis (vs polyarteritis nodosa, na temporally heterogenous)
44
Aka PR3-ANCA or c-ANCA vasculitis
Formerly Wegener's granulomatosis
45
Prominent clinical feature of Wegener's
Persistent pneumonitis with bilateral nodular and cavitary infiltrates
46
Vasculitis morphology characterized by necrotizing granulomas of the respiratory tract and focal segmental necrotizing GN (early) and crescentic GN (late)
Wegener's granulomatosis
47
Vasculitis with recurrent oral / aphthous ulcers
Behcet's syndrome (say BEH, open your mouth)
48
Vasculitis associate with Raynaud's and PAOD like symptoms
Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans), associated with smoking
49
Exaggerated vasoconstriction of arteries and arterioles in the extremities
Raynaud's phenomenon (red white and blue, because of proximal vasodilation, middle vasoconstriction, then distal cyanosis)
50
Diseases associated with secondary Raynaud's
SLE, scleroderma, buerger's, atherosclerosis
51
"Cardiac raynaud's" seen in Prinzmetal angina
Coronary vasospasm
52
Migratory thrombophlebitis indicative of possible malignancy
Trousseau's sign or syndrome
53
Most common causative agent of lymphangitis
GABHS
54
Harmless vascular ectasia known as birthmark
Nevus flammeus
55
Nevus flammeus over trigeminal nerve distribution that does not regress
Port-wine stain, seen in Sturge-Weber syndrome (Facial port wine nevus, ipsilateral leptomeningeal cortical venous angioma, mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, skull radio-opacities_
56
Facial port wine nevus, ipsilateral leptomeningeal cortical venous angioma, mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, skull radio-opacities
Sturge-Weber syndrome
57
Vascular ectasia associated with hyperestrinism (pregnancy and liver cirrhosis)
Spider telangiectasia
58
Autosomal dominant defect in TGF-B
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease)
59
Two types of hemangioma
Capillary and cavernous
60
Hemangioma that grows rapidly in neonates and mostly completely regresses by age 7
Juvenile type (strawberry) capillary hemangioma
61
Cavernous hemangioma with cerebellar, brain stem, retinal, pancreatic, or liver involvement)
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
62
Cavernous lymphangioma found in the neck
Turner syndrome
63
Vascular neoplasm caused by HHV-8 found in AIDS patients
Kaposi's sarcoma
64
Type of Kaposi's found in HIV-negative Africans below 40 years
Endemic KS
65
Type of Kaposi's found in HIV-positive peeps
Epidemic KS
66
Immunostains used in angiosarcoma
CD31, CD34, vWF (endothelial origin)
67
Associated with arsenic, PVC, and thorotrast
Hepatic angiosarcoma

Pathology (13 decks)

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