Liver and Gallbladder

Question 1

glissons capsule

Answer 1

dense irregular CT

surrounds 4 lobes of liver

Question 2

liver epithelium

Answer 2

covered by simple squamous

Question 3

portal system

Answer 3

second capillary network

Question 4

liver synthesizes

Answer 4

albumin - maintains osmolarity
FAs
glucose
PT and fibrinogen
alpha/beta globulins
cholesterol and phospholipids

Question 5

other liver functions

Answer 5

T4-T3
embryo hematopoesis
somatomedin production

Question 6

portal triad

Answer 6

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile ductule

also has associated lymph vessel

Question 7

hepatic blood flow

Answer 7

from both portal vein and hepatic artery

interlobar (a/v) - interlobular (a/v) - distributing (a/v) - inlet (a/v)

• sinusoids - central vein - sublobular v - collecting v - hepatic v - IVC

Question 8

liver lobule

Answer 8

functional unit of liver

hepatocytes form into walls (muralium)

Question 9

hepatocyte

Answer 9

large cells
150 day life span
mainly bi-nucleate
often polyploidy** (tetraploid 4N)
by age 2 - 1 cell thick

3 surfaces:
sinusoidal
basolateral
bile canaliculi

Question 10

space of disse

Answer 10

gap between hepatocyte and sinusoid

no cells

Question 11

sinusoidal cells

Answer 11

kupffer
ito
endothelial - have gaps (non-fenestrated)

Question 12

liver stroma

Answer 12

two overlapping CT trees

• central vein
• portal triad

sinusoids supported by reticular fibers

altereted in disease (fibrosis/cirrhosis)

Question 13

classic lobule

Answer 13

endocrine natrure

• portal triad at periphery
• central vein at center

products synthesized - fibrinogen, albumin, glucose

Question 14

portal lobule

Answer 14

exocrine nature

portal triad at center
central vein at periphery

bile and its constituents to duct

Question 15

portal acinus

Answer 15

metabolic zonation
aka rappaports lobule

central v to central v and portal triad to triad

reflects gradient of metabolic activity in liver

Question 16

periportal zone

Answer 16

zone 1
receives blood with highest nutrients/oxygen
last to die, first to regenerate

Question 17

mid-region

Answer 17

zone 2

blood of intermediate quality

Question 18

centrolobular zone

Answer 18

zone 3

receives blood with lowest nutrient/oxygen content
-first cells to die in necrosis

Question 19

3 zones?

Answer 19

difference in carb, protein, lipid, drug metabolism

highest activity of these processes in zone 1

Question 20

hepatocyte regeneration

Answer 20

high capacity for regeneration
-zonal damage - regeneration of damaged zone

decrease in polyploid and binucleate cells

Question 21

hepatocyte mitochondria

Answer 21

lots
-self-replicating (budding)
ox phosphorylation

Question 22

hepatocyte lysosomes

Answer 22

acidic pH
-ATP dependent proton pump

autophagy - break down own material
heterophagy - break down external material

catabolic enzymes from RER to golgi

Question 23

lipofuscin granules

Answer 23

residual bodies in hepatocytes
-lysosome with digested material in it

brown/gold stain

Question 24

receptors on hepatocytes

Answer 24

GH
prolactin
insulin
glucagon
NE
etc.

Question 25

Tay sachs

Answer 25

sphingolipidosis

-no beta-hexosaminidase A (degrades acidic fatty gangliosides)

Question 26

metachromatic leukodystrophy

Answer 26

sulfatidosis

missing aryisulfatase
-accumulation of sulfated cerebrosides

Question 27

type II glycogenosis

Answer 27

missing acid maltase (alpha glucosidase)

Question 28

hepatocyte RER and golgi

Answer 28

plasma proteins

VLDL transport apoprotein

Question 29

lipoprotein lipase

Answer 29

converted VLDL to chylomicron

Question 30

hepatocyte SER

Answer 30

synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
-esterification of FFAs
-synthesize cholic acid
Ca storage and release
drug detox
T4-T3

Question 31

dehaloginase

Answer 31

T4-T3

Question 32

glycogen rosette

Answer 32

storage of glucose in hepatocytes
-near smooth ER (enzymes here)

glycogenolysis enzymes membrane bound

Question 33

peroxisomes in hepatocyte

Answer 33

use peroxide

Question 34

cytoskeleton of hepatocytes

Answer 34

microtubules - vesicular transport
microfilaments - bile flow
intermediate filaments - excessive in mallory bodies

-stained by cytokeratin antibodies

Question 35

intermediate filaments in hepatocyte

Answer 35

keratin

-epithelially derived

Question 36

endothelial cells of sinusoids

Answer 36

collagen type 4

Question 37

fibroblast

Answer 37

reticular fiber synthesis

collagen type 3

Question 38

ito cells

Answer 38

take up vitamin A

take up lipophylic molecules that damage lysosomes

Question 39

bile canaliculus

Answer 39

sealed by zona occludens and desmosomes

golgi and SER oriented toward canaliculus

then bile goes to terminal ductules

Question 40

terminal ductules

Answer 40

flattened to cuboidal epithelium

canaliculus to interlobular bile ducts

bicarb secreting

Question 41

interlobular bile ducts

Answer 41

cuboidal to columnar epithelium

surrounded by elastic and collagen CT

surrounded by smooth m. at porta hepatis

Question 42

extrahepatic bile ducts (right, left, proper)

Answer 42

tall columnar cells
mucous cells
-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

Question 43

cystic duct

Answer 43

twists - spiral folds in mucosa

Question 44

common bile duct

Answer 44

circumferential smooth m sphincter
-sphincter of boyden

prior to junction with pancreatic duct

Question 45

gallbladder

Answer 45

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

rokintansky-aschoff crypts - invagination of epithelium

mucous glands - at neck

no submucosa**

serosa cover