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MSS - GI Exam 2 > Digestions of Lipids and Vitamins > Flashcards

Digestions of Lipids and Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

A

villi absorptive

crypts secretory

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2
Q

large intestine

A

surface epithelium absorptive
colonic crypts secretory
columnar epithelium cells

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3
Q

progentior cells

A

in small and large intestine
-high turnover

decreased when starving
increased when eating

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4
Q

secretion

A

within crypts

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5
Q

absorption

A

tops of villi

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6
Q

dietary lipid distribution

A

TAGs 90%
phospholipids 5% (cell membranes)
unesterified cholesterol 0.5%

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7
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A

lecithin

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8
Q

bile

A

secreted lipid

-unesterified cholesterol and lecithin

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9
Q

secreted lipids

A

bile and sloughed membrane lipids

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10
Q

emulsification

A

formation of oil droplets in aqueous solution

chewing, churning, peristalsis, etc. all decrease droplet size and increase overall surface area

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11
Q

droplet organization

A

surface - secreted sources

-center - dietary lipids (TAGs, DAGs, cholesterol)

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12
Q

gastric lipase

A

stable pH 4
pepsin resistant
inactivated by pancreatic protease in bile salts

pancreatic deficiency - gastric lipase activity

cleaves fatty acid from TAG
-one FFA and one DAG** (center of droplet)

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13
Q

medium and short chain FA

A

can move through enterocyte membrane

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14
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

major enzyme

  • dependent on colipase, Ca, bile salts
  • active at alkaline pH

liberates 2 FFAs and one MAG**

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15
Q

alli (orlistat)

xenical

A

inhibits pancreatic lipase

-prevents TAGs from being digested

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16
Q

phospholipase A2

A 
from pancreas
requires bile salts
active at alkaline pH
cleaves FFA from glycerophosholipids (SN2)
leaves MAG
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17
Q

carboxyl ester hydrolase

A

not substrate specific
hydrolyzes ester linkage

release free cholesterol and glycerol

same action as - bile salt stimulated milk lipase
-infant no pancreatic lipase - in human milk

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18
Q

CCK

A

released with free FAs in duodenum

-stimulates bile flow and pancreatic secretion

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19
Q

sudan III testing

A

chemical test for fat in stool

lipid rarely found in stool (bacterial digestion colon)

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20
Q

in case of malabsorption

A

use short and medium chain FAs orally

-bc they can pass enterocyte cell membrane

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21
Q

multilamellar

A

multiple lipid bilayers

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22
Q

unilamellar

A

one lipid bilayer

23
Q

micelle

A

lipid monolayer with tails facing hydrophobic core

24
Q

micelle structure

A

surface - cholesterol, MAGs, lecithins
bile salts on surface with pancreatic lipase

core - DAG, TAG, esterified cholesterol

25
digestion at micelle
MAG digested on surface | DAG and TAG move to surface and are digested
26
bulk water phase
micelle formation and hydrolysis of lipids
27
mucous gel layer
lines epithelial surface -created by mucin barrier to diffusion
28
unstirred water layer
next to cell membrane -protonated environment (Na/H pump) diffusion of short and medium chain FAs -large FA back to micelles
29
enterocyte apical membrane
micelle doesn't diffuse | -long chain FAs - fatty acid translocase
30
fatty acid translocase
for long chain fatty acid at enterocyte membrane
31
lipid inside enterocyte
re-esterification at smooth ER apolipoprotein from rough ER shuttled to SER or golgi chylomicrons (dietary) VLDL (endogenous) form from apolipoproteins and lipids
32
VLDL and chylomicrons from SER
to golgi cis face -associate with apolipoprotein A1 (in golgi**) vesicles carry from trans face to basolateral membrane
33
secreted VLDL and chylomicrons
too large to pass through fenestrae through lymph capillaries to cisterna chyli
34
glycerol, short chain, and medium chain FAs?
pass through enterocyte and enter blood capillary long chain - cannot pass through
35
fat soluble vitamins
rely on lipid absorption -to SER, to lymph A, D, E, K
36
malabsorption of lipids
fat soluble vitamin deficiency bariatric surgery, drugs treatment - water-miscible emulsion
37
folate deficiency
neural tube defects -spina bifida and anencephaly natal vitamins with folic acid
38
THF
bio active folate - functions of cofactor - important in DNA synthesis (thymine and purine)
39
megaloblastic amenia
folate deficiency -RBCs don't divide, but become large treatment PteGlu1
40
food form of folate
poly glutamate - PteGlu7 converted to PteGlu1 and transported into enterocytes
41
folate conjugase
PteGlu7 > PteGlu1
42
liver and folate
PteGlu1 > THF
43
Vit B12
cobalamin - synthesized by microbes - vegetarians at risk coenzyme for homocysteine > methionine
44
methionine
essental AA | needs Vitamin B12
45
methionine deficiency
uses folate | -causes folate deficiency (megaloblastic amenia)
46
absorption of Vitamin B12
released from protein in stomach -binds haptocorrin bicarbonate releases haptocorrin in small intestine -Vit B12 then binds intrinsic factor in enterocyte - Vit B12 IF disocciate and bind transcoblamin II taken to liver (excess secreted in bile - can be taken up again)
47
intrinsic factor
secreted in stomach
48
transcobalamin II
binds Vit B12 in enterocyte
49
pernicious anemia
lack of parietal cells - no IF secretion -no B12 absorption swollen tongue, and neuropathy Ab-mediated immune response or H. pylori infection may cause this to occur
50
Vit B12 deficiency
ileal resection | crohns disease
51
water soluble vitamins
folate and B12
52
Tx of pernicious anemia
IM injection of hydroxycobalamin
53
shilling test
for IF deficiency - labeled B12 in urine - normal test - in feces - abnormal 1 - oral radioactive B12 and IM injection non-labeled B12 to block liver storage 2 - both repeated with oral IF 3 - both repeated with antibiotic to rule out GI bacteria 4 - both repeated with pancreatic enzymes to rule out pancreatitis

MSS - GI Exam 2 (11 decks)

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