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MSS - GI Exam 2 > Digestion/Absorption of Carbohydrates and Proteins > Flashcards

Digestion/Absorption of Carbohydrates and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

fiber

A

non-digestible polysaccharides

-pectin and cellulose

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2
Q

starch

A

digestible polysaccharide from plant

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3
Q

digestible polysaccharides

A

starch plants
glycogen animals
amylose straight
amylopectin brainched

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4
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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5
Q

lactose

A

glucose and galactose

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6
Q

dietary monosaccharides

A

glucose and fructose

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7
Q

carb intestine absorption

A

only monosaccharides

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8
Q

salivary amylase

A

alpha amylase
-secreted in active form

initiates starch digestion
inactivated by gastric acid

cannot break terminal alpha 1-4 or branch (alpha 1-6)

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9
Q

pancreatic alpha amylase

A

stimulated release by CCK

cannot digest terminal linkage and branch points

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10
Q

terminal linkage

A

alpha 1-4

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11
Q

branch point linkage

A

alpha 1-6

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12
Q

membrane digestion of carbohydrates

A

brush border enzymes (integral membrane)

mostly in proximal jejunum (none in colon)

oligosaccharidases

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13
Q

brush border proteins

A

lactase
glucoamylase (maltase)
surcrase-isomaltase

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14
Q

lactase

A

lactose > glucose + galactose

expression decreases after breast feeding

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15
Q

glucoamylase

A

aka maltase

terminal alpha 1-4 linkage break

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16
Q

sucrase-isomaltase

A

two enzymes

  • also breaks terminal alpha 1-4 linkages
  • sucrose cleavage
  • splits branch points (alpha 1-6)

for alpha limit dextrins

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17
Q

alpha limit dextrins

A

branch points (alpha 1-6)

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18
Q

maltotriose and maltose

A

polymers of glucose that aren’t broken down by alpha amylase

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19
Q

absorption of carbs

A

readily absorbed monosaccharides

-glucose, galactose, fructose

20
Q

SGLT1

A

Na-glucose co-transporter on apical membrane
-glucose and galactose uptake

driven by Na/K pump (decreases intracellular Na)

21
Q

GLUT5

A

apical membrane transport of fructose

facilitated diffusion
-in jejunum

22
Q

GLUT2

A

basolateral membrane protein
-movement of all three - fructose, glucose, galactose

facilitated diffusion

23
Q

lactase deficiency

A

lactose deficiency

  • Sx: cramps, diarrhea (short FA), flatus (CO2)
  • colonic bacteria digest lactose

common - non-white ethnicities

epigenetics downregulate through lifetime

24
Q

H2

A

released in breath - from colonic bacteria metabolism of lactose

basis for hydrogen breath test
-high amounts indicate bacterial fermentation

25
Q

glucose-galactose malabsorption

A

AA substition in SLT1
-inhibits glucose/galactose uptake

diarrhea (osmotic)

Tx: no glucose , galactose, lactose in diet
-fructose based diet

26
Q

protein digestion

A

take up AAs or oligopeptides to enterocytes

27
Q

endopeptidase

A

bonds adjacent to specific AAs

-produce oligopeptides

28
Q

exopeptidase

A

bonds at N or C terminus

-release single AAs

29
Q

gastric protease

A

secreted as proenzymes (aka zymogens)

30
Q

pepsinogen

A

secreted by chief cells of stomach
-low pH activation to pepsin

inactivated at pH 7

endopeptidase

31
Q

trypsinogen

A

pancreatic protease

activated by jejunal brush border enzyme
-enteropeptidase

to trypsin (which autoactivates trypsinogen and other pancreatic proteases)

32
Q

trypsin activation?

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
proelastase
procarboxypeptidase A and B

33
Q

chymotrypsin

A

endopeptidase

34
Q

elastase

A

endopeptidase

35
Q

carboxypeptidase A and B

A

exopeptidases

36
Q

enteropeptidase

A

activates trypsin in jejunum

37
Q

brush border peptidases

A

lots of them

in small intestine

38
Q

pepsin

A

endopeptidase

39
Q

PepT1 transporter

A

transports oligopeptides across enterocyte membrane

40
Q

whole protein absorption

A

M cells - to peyers patches
enterocyte endocytosis

in neonate - passive immunity

  • hormonally mediated closure
  • corticosteroids
41
Q

oligopeptide absorption

A

PepT1- H/oligopeptide cotransporter

driven by H and Na gradient

  • Na/K pump
  • Na in - H out

H back in with oligopeptide

42
Q

single AA absorption

A

some based on Na/K pump

some not based on Na gradient

43
Q

hartnup disease

A

autosomal recessive
defect apical transport neutral AAs

pellagra, ataxia, psych abnormalities

no treatment (normal oligopeptide absorption)
PepT1
44
Q

cystinuria

A

autosomal recessive
defect apical transport basic AA and cysteine

kidney stones

no treatment (normal oligopeptide absorption)
PepT1
45
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

if given only glucose as carb and still have symptoms

oral glucose given, look at blood levels changes

46
Q

hydrogen breath test

A

carb digestion in colon

MSS - GI Exam 2 (11 decks)

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