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Histology Block 2 > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic microscopic structure of the liver?

A
  • has a dense connective tissue capsule
  • has a reticular fiber network for structural support
  • composed of uniform parenchymal cells (hepatocytes)
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2
Q

What is the dual blood supply of the liver?

A

1) Portal Vein - brings nutrient rich blood from digestion
2) Hepatic Artery - brings oxygen rich blood from aorta

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3
Q

what organ is this?

A

liver

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4
Q

on this photo what are the DVA on lower left?

A

d is the bile duct

V vein from portal vein

A from artery from hepatic artery

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5
Q

how is this cell called?

A

hepatocyte

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6
Q

reticular fibers in hepatocytes support what structure?

A

sinusoids and central venules

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7
Q

what are the 2 domain in hepatocytes?

A

lateral

sinusoidal

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8
Q

where is the lateral domain in hepatocyes?

what is it?

A

between hepatocytes

it’s where bile is secreted into canaliculi between cells

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9
Q

where is the sinusoidal domain?

what is it?

A

they extend into the space of Disse

they facilitate nutrient uptake and secretion into the blood

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10
Q

what are the hepatic sinusoids?

A
  • they contain nutrient rich blood from the portal vein and oxygen rich blood from the hepatic artery
  • they are lined up with macrophages (Kuppfer cells)
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11
Q

how are the walls of hepatic sinusoids?

A

porous to allow entry of large proteins

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12
Q

what do kuppfer cells do?

A

they remove bacteria from gut carried by portal vein

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13
Q

what are the black parts in this hepatocyte?

A

kupffer cells

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14
Q

what are these?

A

kupffer cells

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15
Q

where is the space of Disse?

A

between endothelial cells and hepatocytes

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16
Q

what is the space of Disse filled with?

A

microvilli of hepatocytes

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17
Q

what does the space of Disse do?

A

it provides access to nutrients from the blood

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18
Q

how is the wall of the space of Disse?

A

for large protein passage

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19
Q

where are the bile ductules?

A

near the periphery of hepatic lobules

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20
Q

where do bile canaliculi empty into?

A

bile ductules

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21
Q

the bile emptying pathway goes….

A

ductule–>duct–>right/left bile ducts

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22
Q

what is the lowest square?

A

bile canaliculi

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23
Q

what does bile do?

A

it emulsifies fat

* eliminates cholesterol synthesized by liver

it excretes blood-borne waste (ex: bilirubin)

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24
Q

how does bile get stored into the gallbladder?

A

incoming bile acids get deprotonated becoming salts

then they are stored into the gallbladder

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25
Q

how much of bile acids are re-used?

A

90%

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26
Q

how is glucose stored in liver?

A

as glycogen

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27
Q

when is glucogen released?

A

when there is presence of glucagon

28
Q

what plasma proteins are released into the space of Disse?

A

albumin and fibrinogen

29
Q

what happens to bile acids after they are secreted?

A

they are recolected from the portal circulation and secreted into the bile canaliculi

30
Q

what is the classic hepatic lobule?

A

diagram that presents the central hepatic venule at the center and the portal triad at the sides

blood is drained from portal vein and hepatic artery to the hepatic vein

31
Q

what is the portal lobule?

A

diagram that shows the drain of bile from the hepatocytes to the bile duct

32
Q

what is the portal acinus?

A

shows the supply of oxygenated blood

has 3 zones:

zone 1 least O2

Zone 2- more O2

Zone 3- most O2

33
Q

in the portal lobule, what is at the center? at the periphery?

A

the bile duct

at the periphery is the central veins

34
Q

what is hepatitis?

A

inflammation of the liver due to infiltration of inflammatory cells

35
Q

what can happen with hepatitis? (progression-wise)

A

can be self-limiting

fibrosis can occur and cause cirrhosis

36
Q

what can cause hepatitis?

A

viruses

alcohol

acetaminophen

37
Q

what causes hepatitis A?

A

a virus

38
Q

what causes hepatitis A to spread?

A

contaminated food

water

direct contact

39
Q

does hepatitis A cause chronic infection or chronic liver disease?

A

no

40
Q

what causes hepatitis B?

A

hepatitis B virus (HBV)

41
Q

how is it transmitted?

A

exposure to infected blood or fluid

42
Q

does hepatitis B cause cirrhosis or liver cancer?

A

yes if acute

43
Q

what causes hepatitis C?

A

the hepatitis C virus

44
Q

how will infected look?

A

will look asymptomatic

45
Q

what happens if infected are chronicly infected?

A

cirrhosis may occur

46
Q

what is a tell-tale sign of hepatitis?

A

infiltration of neutrophils or lymphocytes into the liver

47
Q

what is this?

A

neutrophils in the liver = hepatitis

48
Q

what is fatty liver disease?

A

Reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride accumulate in liver cells

49
Q

what causes fatty liver disease?

A

excessive alcohol intake

obesity

50
Q

what is wrong here?

A

fatty liver disease

51
Q

what is centrilobular necrosis of the liver?

A

also called cardiac necrosis

Congestive heart failure that results from hypoperfusion and hypoxia in zone 3

52
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

replacement of liver tissue with collagen (scars)

53
Q

what causes it?

A

alcoholism

hepatitis B,C

fatty liver disease

54
Q

what is wrong here?

A

cirrhosis

55
Q

what is ascites?

A

fluid retention in the abdominal cavity

56
Q

what causes ascites?

A

cirrhosis

57
Q

when there is congestive heart failure, what will you find in zone 3 fo the hepatocytes?

A

necrosis in zone 3 with lipid accumulation

58
Q

how many stages are there in liver cancer? what are they and what happens in them?

A

2

1) primary: arises in the liver itself
2) secondary: reaches the liver from some other place in the body through the portal venous system

59
Q

what can cause primary stage liver cancer?

A

hepatitis and cirrhosis

60
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

61
Q

what is the epithelium of the gallbladder?

A

simple columar

62
Q

where is this?

A

gallbladder

63
Q

what are Rokitanshy-Aschoff Sinuses?

A

are mucosal diverticula;

herniation of epithelium through the muscularis externa

64
Q

what can Rokitanshy-Aschoff Sinuses cause?

A

gallstones and can cause accumulation of bacteria resulting in inflammation

65
Q

what can gallstones cause?

A

pancreatitis

bile duct blockage

Histology Block 2 (8 decks)

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