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Histology Block 2 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

in an embryo, from what layer does the gut come from?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

what are the layers of the gut tube?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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3
Q

what sublayers does the mucosa have?

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

what components does the submucosa have?

A

glands

vessels

submucosal plexus

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5
Q

what are the layer of the muscularis?

A

inner circular

myenteric plexus

outer longitudinal

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6
Q

what is another name for the serosa?

A

adventitia

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7
Q

identify the layers of the gut.

A
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8
Q

What are the layers of the tunica mucosa? what do they do?

A

epithelium mucosa: absorption, secretion, protection

lamina propria: contains vessels & nerves

lamina muscularis: inconstant

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9
Q

what are the surface modifications of the mucosa (or epithelium)?

A

villi

plicae

crypts

pits

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10
Q

What are rugae?

A

large folds in stomach

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11
Q

what are pits?

A

invaginations in the stomach

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12
Q

what are plicae?

A

large folds in small intestine

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13
Q

what are villi?

A

projections in the lumen found in small instestine

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14
Q

what are crypts?

A

invaginations in small and large instestine

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15
Q

what is this?

A

rugae

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16
Q

what is this?

A

pits

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17
Q

what is this?

A

villi

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18
Q

what is this?

A

crypts

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19
Q

what are these?

A

big circle = plicae

small proyection = villi

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20
Q

where is the arrow pointing at?

where is this?

A

crypts of jejunum

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21
Q

where is the arrow pointing at?

where is this?

A

crypts of ileum

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22
Q

what is the square and the circle?

A

circle: crypts
square: villi

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23
Q

what is the arrow pointing at?

A

the tunica submucosa

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24
Q

what does the submucosa do?

A

it facilitates motility of the submucosa

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25
Q

how do you call the submucosa if there is no lamina muscularis present?

A

lamina propria/sumbucosa

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26
Q

what layer is the box?

A

submucosa

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27
Q

the muscularis layer can be two types of muscle, what are these?

A

smooth and skeletal muscle

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28
Q

what is the layer of the square?

A

muscularis layer

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29
Q

how many layers does the muscularis layer have?

A

2 : outer and inner muscular layer

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30
Q

what does the muscular layer do?

A

controls lumen size

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31
Q

what important structure is found in the muscular layer?

A

myenteric plexus

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32
Q

what is this?

A

the two layers of the muscular layer

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33
Q

what are the 3 boxes?

A
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34
Q

what is this layer?

A

serosa

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35
Q

where can we find serosa?

A

in organs that are suspended in body cavities

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36
Q

where is the serosa, adventitia instead?

A

organs covered in connective tissue

esophagus

rectum

vagina

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37
Q

name the layers

A
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38
Q

what is a plexus?

A

Elements of two ANS divisions & enteric NS in same location in wall.

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39
Q

what controls the effectors or glands and smooth muscle of an organ?

A

parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

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40
Q

what are the arrows pointing out?

A

parasympathetic neuron cell bodies of myenteric plexus

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41
Q

how well does the esophagus heal?

A

not well

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42
Q

how many sphincters does the esophagus have?

A

2: upper and lower

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43
Q

what is this?

A

the esophagus

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44
Q

the mucosa of the esophagus contains what kind of epithelium?

what layers does the esophagus have?

A

non keratinized stratified

it contains:

epithelium

lamina propria

smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)

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45
Q

what does the submucosa have?

A

glands that secrete mucous

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46
Q

what muscle is in the muscularis of the esophagus?

A

upper 1/3 muscularis is skeletal muscle

middle 1/3 is skeletal and smooth

lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

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47
Q

the lamina propria of the esophagus contains what?

A

esophageal cardiac glands

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48
Q

what is special of the muscularis mucosae of esphagus?

A

it is a single layer of longitudinally smooth muscle

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49
Q

what is the composition of the submucosa of esophagus?

A

dense, fibroelastic connective tissue that houses the esophageal glands proper

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50
Q

what is the name of the plexus between the longitudinal muscle layer and inner circular muscle layer?

A

auerbach plexus

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51
Q

what is this epithelium?

A

non-keratinized stratified epithelium

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52
Q

what does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

it prevents backflow of food and prevents stomach acids to rise

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53
Q

what part of the esophagus is this?

A

middle 1/3

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54
Q

where is this?

A

esophagus

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55
Q

what is happening here in the esophagus?

A

metaplasia

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56
Q

how many layers does the muscularis of the stomach have?

A

3 for proper mixing

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57
Q

what cells can be found in the fundus and body?

A

cells that secrete pepsinogen and HCL

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58
Q

what do the glands of the pylorus and cardia secrete?

A

mucous

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59
Q

what enzymes are produced in the stomach?

A

rennin, pepsin, gastric lipase

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60
Q

what are the 3 glandular regions of the stomach?

A

cardia

fundus

pylorus

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61
Q

this organ has longitudinal folds called…?

A

rugae; the stomach

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62
Q

identify

A

Stomach wall at the fundus: mucosa (M), submucosa (SM), muscularis externa (ME), serosa (S).

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63
Q

this layer is connective tissue, with blood vessels and lymphatics?

A

submucosa of stomach

64
Q

what is the esophagogastric junction?

A

it is the junciton of the esophagus with the cardiac region of stomach

65
Q

the epithelium changes in the esophagogastric junction, from what to what?

A

from stratified squamous to simple columnar with invaginations (gastric pits)

66
Q

what separates the mucosa from the submucosa in the stomach?

A

muscularis mucosae

67
Q

from where to where do the fundic glands extend to?

A

from muscularis mucosae to base of the gastric pit

68
Q

what epithelium do fundic glands have?

A

simple columnar

69
Q

what are the 6 cell types for the fundic glands?

A
  1. surface lining cells
  2. parietal (oxyntic) cells
  3. regenerative (stem) cells
  4. mucous neck cells
  5. chief (zymogenic) cells
  6. diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells
70
Q

what is the P?

A

gastric pit

71
Q

what is this?

A

surface mucous cells continous with gastric pits

72
Q

what do gastric glands do?

A

produce mucous with higher concentration of glycoproteins

73
Q

what do parietal cells produce? what organelle do they require?

A

HCl; mitochondria

they also produce intrinsic factor (b12 absorption)

74
Q

are parietal cell eosino-basophillic?

A

eosinophillic

75
Q

are chief cells eosinophillic or basophillic?

A

basophillic

76
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen which is a protease

77
Q

which are the pyloric glands and which are the gastric glands?

A

top are gastric

bottom are pyloric

78
Q

what does the epithelium of fundic glands produce? what do they secrete?

A

alkaline mucous;

pepsinogen and lipase

79
Q

what three glands are in the fundic glands?

A
  1. chief
  2. parietal
  3. entero-endocrine
80
Q

what are the 3 white cels?

A

parietal cells

81
Q

what do entero-endocrine cells secrete?

A

serotonin

82
Q

what are these?

A

chief (basophillic) and parietal (acidophillic) cells in fundic gland

83
Q

what are these cells and what do the red dots secrete?

A

chief cells and the red dots are zymogen

84
Q

what is this?

A

parietal cell

85
Q

parietal cell have receptor for what? binding of the molecules to the receptor causes what?

A

gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine;

binding causes cell to make hcl and store it in canneliculi

86
Q

What do carbonated anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?

A

neutralize acids, can cause kidney failure

87
Q

What do H2 blocker anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?

A

they block histamine decreasing parietal cell activity (including intrinsic factor)

88
Q

What do proton pump inhibitors anti-acids do? what do prolonged use cause?

A

they block acid production; this can cause dependency long term causes osteoporosis

89
Q

what is this?

A

parietal cell

90
Q

what are these cells?

A

top parietal

below chief

91
Q

what is this?

A

pyloric gland

92
Q

where are G cells?

A

they are carried in special capillaries to proper gastric gland region

93
Q

what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

94
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

it increases motility, HCl, and pepsinogen

95
Q

what is this?

A

G cell

96
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the stomach?

what is the para sympathetic innervation of the stomach?

A

splanchnic nerves

vagus nerve

97
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

occurs due to lack of intrinsic factor thats secreted by parietal cells.

It causes B12 deficiency

98
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease?

A

caused by helicobapter pylori, causing excess secretion of acid

99
Q

what do the 3 parts of the small intestine do?

A
  1. duodenum: last part of digestion
  2. jejunum: absorb product of digestion
  3. ileum: immunological protection
100
Q

what does the lamina propria of small intestine have?

A

glands

cypts of lieberkuhn

blood vessels

101
Q

what does the crypts of lieberkuhn contain?

A

DNES

surface absorptive

goblet cells

regenerative cells

paneth cells

102
Q

where can Brunner glands be found?

A

duodenum

103
Q

where are peyer patches found?

A

ileum

104
Q

what is the epithelial composition of villi in the small intestine?

A

simple columnar

it is made up of enterocytes and goblet cells

105
Q

What are the arrow pointing at?

A

plicae circulares

106
Q

the final breakdown of proteins, carbs and lipids occurs where?

A

in the microvilli

107
Q

what is an intestinal crypt?

A

invagination into the lamina propria forming short tubular glands

108
Q

where are paneth cell located?

A

at the base of the crypts

109
Q

what is this?

A

paneth cell

110
Q

what is this?

A

enteroendocrine cell

111
Q

what is this cell in the middle?

A

enteroendocrine cell

112
Q

what is this?

A

paneth cell

113
Q

what is this?

A

paneth cell

114
Q

what is being shown?

A

paneth cell

115
Q

what do secretions of enteroendocrine cells do?

A

control gut motility, regulate secretion of enzymes, HCl, bile and other components for digesti

116
Q

is this the ilieum or duodenum?

A

duodenum

117
Q

is this the ilieum, jejunum or duodenum?

A

ileum

118
Q

is this the ilieum, jejunum or duodenum?

A

jejunum

119
Q

is this ileum, jejunum, or duodenum?

A

duodenum

120
Q

what is another name for the mucosal cells of the duodenum?

A

brunner glands

121
Q

what is characteristic of the duodenal villi?

A

it has long villi

122
Q

which are brunner glands?

A
123
Q

is this duodenum, ileum or jejunum?

A

duodenum

124
Q

is this jejunum, ileum, duodenum?

A

duodenum

125
Q

is this duodenum, ileum, jejunum? what are the layers?

A

duodenum

in order:

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

126
Q

what do jejunum and ileum lack?

A

submucosal glands

127
Q

what do ileum and jejunum have increasing amounts of?

A

goblet cells

128
Q

what are two characteristic things of the jejunum?

A

prominent plicae circulares

nonremarkable submucosa

129
Q

what are 5 characteristics of the ileum?

A
  1. Peyer’s Patches
  2. M cells
  3. bile acid re-absorption
  4. absorption of intrinsic factor for B12
130
Q

what is this?

A

plicae

131
Q

how is the white center called?

A

lacteal

132
Q

what are the blue parts?

A

peyer patch

133
Q

what are the round blue parts?

A

peyer patches

134
Q

where are m cell located?

A

overlying peyer’s patches

135
Q

what do m cells do?

A

they endocytose antigens and transport them to lymphocytes and macrophages

136
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A
  1. absorb water
  2. mucus production
137
Q

what is this?

A

large intestine crypt

138
Q

where is this?

A

appendix

139
Q

the lamina propria and submucosa of the appendix is filled with what?

A

lymphocytes

140
Q

what type of epithelium does the anus and rectum have?

A

simple columnar

141
Q

what controls the anus and rectum?

A

internal/external sphincter

142
Q

what are hemorrhoids?

A

dilatation of venous plexus forming varicose vein in the anal/rectal region

143
Q

what epithelium is in the anus?

A

transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous

144
Q

what are 4 symptoms of ulcers in the GI tract?

A

abdominal pain

nausea and vomiting

hemamtemesis (blood vomiting)

melena (tarry foul smelling feces)

145
Q

what does diarrhea cause?

A

dehydration

K+ deficiency

146
Q

what is diverticulosis?

A

Outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall.

147
Q

diverticulosis is most common in which part of the large intestine?

A

sigmoid colon; due to increased pressure

148
Q

what is going on?

A

diverticulosis

149
Q

what is diverticulitis?

A

Tears in the colon leading to bleeding or perforations may occur.

it can lead to intestinal obstruction or abcess

150
Q

what is a polyp?

A

Typically hyperplasia of epithelial glands

151
Q

what is a symptom of polyps?

A

diarrhea, pain, rectal bleeding

*there is an increased chance of cancer

152
Q

what is this?

A

polyp

153
Q

what is this?

A

tubular adenoma

154
Q

what is this?

A

villous adenoma

155
Q

where does colon cancer occur?

A

in the lining of the colon and if untreated can grow into muscle layer.

156
Q

are cancers that are confined to the wall of the colon, are they curable?

A

yes (are still in situ)

Histology Block 2 (8 decks)

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