Liver Flashcards
What vessels leave/ enter the liver
Portal vein= brings food rich blood from the gut
Hepatic artery= brings arterial blood
Hepatic veins= taking away processed blood into the vena cava
Lymphatics taking away some lymph
Hepatic ducts removing bile to the gallbladder and hut
What is the blood supply to the liver?
Hepatic artery 25% (fully oxygenated blood)
Portal vein 75% (full of rich nutrients and toxins brought from the gut)
What is the layout of the liver?
Cells are arranged in perforated plates, one cell wide. Between the plates are sinusoidal blood channels, lined by endothelial cells
What are liver lobules?
Hexagonal areas of the liver
Along the central axis of each lobule runs a central vein, which is a branch of the hepatic vein
What is found in the portal triad?
Portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery
What happens to the blood collected in the central veins?
Goes to sublobar veins, then collecting veins, then hepatic veins leaving the liver
What is a liver acinus?
The liver acinus represents a functional unit comprising of 3 or so lobules
The territory of an acinus has, as its axis, one final branch of the portal vein and is subdivided into 1. periportal- deals with sampling blood components and accordingly changes composition , 2. intermediate and 3. perivenous where blood gets enriched
Zone 1 gives signals to zone 3 where e.g. glycogen is broken down and low blood sugar is solved
In what direction is hepatic lobular blood flow and intralobular bile flow?
Hepatic blood flow= from branches of portal vein and hepatic artery on the periphery to the central veins via the sinusoids
Bile flow= lobules centre towards peripheral bile ducts in the bile canaliculi
What are liver sinusoids?
Low pressure vascular channels that recieve blood from portal vein/hepatic artery and deliver it to the central veins
What are sinusoids lined by and is on the other side of them?
Fenestrated endothelial cells, which are loosely attached.
Plasma can thus pass through into the perisinusoidal space of disse, where they can interact with hepatocytes
What are Kupffer cells and where do they lie?
a phagocytic cell which forms the lining of the sinusoids of the liver and is involved in the breakdown of red blood cells.
What are stellate cells?
Hepatic stellate cells reside in the perisinusoidal space, between sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes, store vitamin A, and produce collagen when activated (cirrosis)
What are the different cells shown on this image of a sinusoid?
How are the hepatocytes arranged in the liver?
80% of mass of liver is hepatocytes, arranged in plates that anastomose with one another. Cells are polygonal in shape and can have two nuceli
Sides can be in contact with sinusoids or neighbouring hepatocytes (lateral faces)
A portion of the lateral faces are modified to form bile canaliculi
What occurs in liver cirrhosis?
Kupffer cells get activated and the sellate cells also get activated and produce collagen
Fenestrations start to close up due to collagen deposition
Sinusoidal pressure thus increases- portal hypertension
Many hepatocytes die and others get surrounded by fibrous tissue
Lose the hexagonal lobe structure and portal triads bridge
Where does bile flow within the liver?
Bile is collected in the bile canaliculi between hepatic cells which lead to canals of Hering which drain into bile ducts in the portal triads
How is lymph formed in the liver?
Lymph is formed by filtration of the plasma into the spaces of Disse as blood flows through the sinusoids
Filters through space of disse then lymph tracts are formed although the microanatomy is not clear
What are the following labels?
What are the following missing labels?
What are the two main functions of the liver in terms of metabolism?
Glucose metabolism
Bilirubin metabolism
How is glucose regulated in the liver?
Insulin from pancreas stimulates formation of glycogen in the liver
Glucagon from pancreas stimulates release of glycogen in the liver
How is bilirubin metabolism regulated in the liver?
Haemoglobin in the blood is ultimately broken down to bilirubin
If there is high levels will be turned to unconjugated the liver will turn it to conjugated and it will either go into the billary system to the small intestine and faeces or excreted in the urine
How does the liver deal with toxins?
Toxins gathered through skin, breathing or food
Through help of co-enzymes it turns them into water soluable waste products which are put into the bile into the stoo l or excreted in the urine
What causes and are the symptoms of jaundice?
Yellowing of skin and eyes is associated with accumulation of bilirubin in the skin, mainly caused by liver and gallbladder disorders
Causes- gallstones, tumours, cirrosis due to e.g. alcohol