Anatomy year 1 Flashcards
What are the following labels on this cadaver?
What is more posterior, the oesophagus or trachea?
Oesophagus
What are the following labels?
What are the folliwing labels?
What are the following labels?
What are the following labels?
What are the following labels?
What are the following labels?
What are are subdivisions of the mediastinum?
At what level are the superior and middle/anterior/posterior mediastinum seperated?
The sternal angle, the line reaches back to T4/T5.
What is the mediastinum?
The thoracic mediastinum is the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs
What is located in the posterior mediastinum?
The oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos veins, vagus nerves and sympathetic chains.
What are the different types of pericardium?
Tough outer layer= fibrous pericardium, attaches to diaphragm
2 layered inner layer= parietal lines inner surface of fibrous while visceral covers outer surface of heart
What is the pericardial cavity?
The potential space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium, contains fluid
What/where is the transvere sinus in the pericardium?
The transverse pericardial sinus is the transverse communication between the left and right parts of the pericardial space proper behind the two outflow arteries of the heart.
It is posterior to the intrapericardial parts of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava
What are the following labels?
What are the following labels?
What structures carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the heart?
What are the following labels?
What order does blood flow through the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulomary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulomary vein -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta
What are the musculari pectinati?
The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel muscular ridges in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.
What is the crista terminalis?
The crista terminalis (terminal crest) is a C-shaped ridge located in the endocardial aspect of the right atrium of the heart
What are the following features of the right atrium of the heart?
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
What are the following labels?
What are the following labels?
What is the coronary sinus?
The coronary sinus is the major venous tributary of the greater cardiac venous system; it is responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium
What are the chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
What are the chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
What are the papillary muscles?
The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles
What are the trabeculae carneae?
The trabeculae carneae are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the 4 heart valaves and how many cusps do they have?
Where and what is the left auricular appendage?
Your left atrial appendage is a small pouch, shaped like a windsock, found in the top left of your heart
Seen below as LAA
How do the right and left ventricles differ from one another?
What are the following arteries?
What does the left coronary artery supply and split into?
The left main coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle. The left main coronary divides into branches:
The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.
The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and encircles the heart muscle. This artery supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart.
What does the right coronary artery supply and split into?
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes.
The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches, including the right posterior interventricular artery and the right marginal artery
Where is the position of the SA node?
What are the missing labels?
Descending artery= interventricular artery
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
Where is the coronary sinus located?
It arises along the posterior aspect of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle
What are the aortic sinuses?
An aortic sinus is one of the anatomic dilatations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. Coloured stars below
What are the missing labels?
What artery is this?
Brachiocephalic trunk
What artery is this?
Right subclavian
What artery is this?
Right common carotid
What artery is this?
Left external carotid
What artery is this?
Left internal carotid
What vein is this?
Left brachiocephalic
What vein is this?
Left subclavian
What vein is this?
Left internal jugular
What vein is this?
Left external jugular
What is the midaxillary line?
The midaxillary line is an imaginary landmark line that runs through an individual’s torso, separating the body into its anterior and posterior
What are the following imaginary lines?
Why are the midclavicular and midaxillary line important when thinking about pleural cavities?
They aid in visualising where the pleural cavities lie within a patient. The midaxillary line is used to insert a pleural tap (thoracentesis), to remove air or fluid from the pleural cavity.
What are the pleural cavities?
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
What is the function of the pleural cavities?
They provide surface tension and cohesion to keep the lung surfaces in contact with the thoracic wall.
What are the pleural recesses?
The lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity, creating two pleural recesses
Known as costodiaphragmatic recesses
The left costomediastinal recess is larger than the right, why?
Due to the presence of the cardiac notch in the left lung, which is more pronounced than the notch in the parietal pleural surrounding the left lung.
What are the following labels?
What is the name of the muscle forming the posterior wall of the trachea?
Trachealis muscle
What are the differences between the left and right main bronchi?
Right main bronchus – wider, shorter and more vertical than the left main bronchus
Left main bronchus – thin, long and more horizontal than right main bronchus.
What do the main bronchi divide into?
Right main bronchus – 3 lobar bronchi
Left main bronchus – 2 lobar bronchi
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
They are coated in a thin film of pulmonary surfactant
In which part of the bronchial tree does the function change from the passage of air to gas exchange?
At the respiratory bronchioles
What are the missing labels on this lung?
What are the missing labels on these lungs?
What features can help identify a left and right lung?
Left lung – lingual and cardiac notch
Right lung – Middle lobe and horizontal fissure
What is the hilum of the lung?
The hilum of the lung is found on the medial aspect of each lung, and it is the only site of entrance or exit of structures associated with the lungs.
What are the missing labels on the lung?
What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?
Bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulomary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymph vessels, efferent and afferent nerves.
(Most may not be seen on specimens)
What is the pulmonary ligament?
The ligament forms a barrier between the anterior and posterior parts of the mediastinal portion of the pleural cavity below the root of the lung
What are the missing labels?
On what lung would impressions from the following structures be found?
Cardiac= both, mainly left
Azygous vein= right
Thoracic aorta= left
Oesophagus= both
Arch of aorta= left
Inferior vena cava= right
What are the following grooves for on the lungs?
Which landmarks divide the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4 & T5
What are the following labels?
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
Oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerves
What structures are found in the middle mediastinum?
Heart, ascending aorta, trachea and other great vessels
What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?
Thoracic aorta, azygous vein, main bronchus, oesophagus
What is the pleura and what are the layers of the pleura?
A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity
The outer layer is called the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall. The inner layer is called the visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.
What is the innervation to the costal parietal pleura?
The costal pleura is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the rib cage
INNERVATION= intercostal nerves
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
The mediastinal pleura and most of the diaphragmatic pleura, as well as the diaphragm
Which structures of the thorax does the vagus nerve innervate?
Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs and the heart
The vagus nerve passes posterior to which structure of the respiratory system?
It passes posterior to the root of the lung
What are the missing labels?
What are the 4 areas of parietal pleura?
The parietal pleura is split into 4 areas- costal; comes into contact with the thoracic cage with the ribs and intercostal spaces. The mediastinal area comes in contact with mediastinum. Diaphragmatic part covers base of lung. The cervical part lines domed apex of lung.
What are the two pleural cavities seperated by?
The mediastinum
How many ribs are there and what are the different types of ribs?
Ribs 1 – 7 (‘true ribs’) articulate directly with the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Ribs 8 – 10 (‘false ribs’) indirectly articulate with the sternum, as their costal cartilages connect with the seventh costal cartilage; by the costochondral joint
Ribs 11 and 12 (‘floating ribs) do not articulate with the sternum.
ALSO
Get atypical and typical ribs-
Typical: Ribs 3 – 9 (share common features)
Atypical: Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12 (each have their own distinctive features)
What is this part of a typical rib?
Head
What is this part of a typical rib?
Neck
What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)
Tubercle
What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)
Angle
What is this part of a typical rib?
Subcostal groove
What part of the first rib is this?
Scalene tubercle
What part of the first rib is this? (posterior view)
Tubercle
What part of the first rib is this?
Articular facet on head of rib
What part of the first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian artery
What part of the first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian vein
What muscle attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?
Scalenus anterior
What are the missing labels?
What are the following missing labels?
- Which ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?
2nd ribs
- What vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?
T4/T5
- What other anatomical landmarks are located at the sternal angle?
T4/T5
Junction between ascending aorta and arch of the aorta
Junction between the arch of the aorta and decending aorta
Bifurcation of trachea
What are these joints?
Costo-transvere joints
What are the two costovertebral joints?
Costotransverse joint Joints of Heads of Ribs
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What do the following actions of the ribs do to the thorax?
Bucket handle motion of ribs
Pump handle action of sternum
Inferior movement of diaphragm
What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
Clavicle, cartilages of 1st ribs, part of the cartillages of 2nd ribs
What articulate with the body of the sternum?
Cartilages of Ribs 2-7 (and 8-10 indirectly)
What are the different parts of the sternum?
What are the missing labels?
What is the diaphragm?
The thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscle that is critical for the process of respiration – particularly inhalation/ inspiration. It also serves as the anatomical boundary separating the thorax from the abdomen
What are the missing labels?
What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated slightly anterior to the vault formed by the muscle
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, causing the central tendon to be drawn inferiorly which partially flattens the domes bilaterally
What are the crura of the diaphragm?
The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column
What are the missing labels?
At what vertebral level do the vena cava, aorta and oesophagus pass through the diagragm?
vena cava= T8
aorta (aortic hiatus)= T12
oesophagus= T10
Where are the phrenic nerves located in the abdomen?
What are the root values for the phrenic nerve?
C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive!)
What information is carried to/from the diaphragm in the phrenic nerve?
All motor information. Sensory information for the central parts of the diaphragm.
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
Phrenic
The peripheral parts of the diaphragm receive sensory innervation from lower intercostal and subcostal nerves.
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Between what two layers of intercostal muscle is the neurovascular bundle found?
Between internal and innermost
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What orientation do the innermost intercostal fibres run?
Same as internal
Do the intercostal muscles cover the length of each intercostal space?
NO
-The external layer is incomplete anteriorly, where it is replaced with the anterior intercostal membrane.
-The internal layer is incomplete posteriorly, where it is replaced with the posterior intercostal membrane.
-The innermost layer is only present on the lateral aspects of the thoracic wall
What is the innermost intercostal muscle replaced with anteriorly and posteriorly?
Anteriorly the layer is completed by the transversus thoracis muscle (also known as sternocostalis), while posteriorly the muscle layer is completed by the subcostal muscles).
What are the accessory muscles of respiration and what is their function?
During significant physical exertion, additional muscle groups are recruited to aid movement of the chest wall
Pectoralis major
Scalenus anterior
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
Where is the scalenus anterior muscle located?
What are the missing labels?
Is the neurovascular bundle located in the superior or inferior portion of each intercostal space?
Superiorly, at the inferior aspect of the upper rib
What is the name of the groove on the corresponding rib where the neurovascular bundle runs?
Subcostal groove
Where would you insert a needle or chest drain (with respect to the ribs) when attempting to access the thoracic cavity (e.g. in a patient with pneumothorax)?
Just above the superior border of a rib
Which arteries can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?
Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Anterior: from internal thoracic artery or its branch (musculophrenic a.)
Posterior: from thoracic descending aorta.
Which veins can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?
Anterior and posterior intercostal veins
Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain to?
Anterior: internal thoracic vein, or musculophrenic vein
Posterior: Azygous system
Which nerves are responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves – from anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
What are the missing labels?
RIMA= internal thoracic
What structures form the thoracic inlet and outlet?
Inlet is formed of the body of T1 posteriorly, the medial margin of the first rib and manubrium anteriorly.
Outlet is formed of the body of T12 posteriorly, the 12th rib, the distal end of the 11th rib, the distal costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process anteriorly\
Inlet= open, outlet= closed by diaphragm
What major blood vessel gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?
Thoracic aorta
What major blood vessel gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?
Internal thoracic artery
What major blood vessel gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?
Subclavian artery
What are the blood vessels shown?
What are the missing labels?
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
The superior vena cava
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain in to?
The internal thoracic vein
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain in to?
The azygous system
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What is the general rule of the pathway of the lymphatic system?
As a general rule the lymphatic drainage of a region follows the arterial supply to that
structure, but flowing in the opposite direction.
What is the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct is the main channel which returns lymph from body to the venous
system
Where can the thoracic duct be found?
As it ascends through the
thoracic cavity, it can be found:
‐ Anterior to the thoracic vertebrae
‐ To the right of the midline
‐ Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein
Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?
Aortic hiatus (T12)
What is the cisterna chyli?
Many lymphatic ducts converge at the upper lumbar vertebrae to create the
cisterna chylii. This serves as the origin of the thoracic duct, which then ascends
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
In over 95% of cases, the thoracic duct terminates in the left internal jugular vein, the left subclavian vein, or the angle between the two.
What are the missing labels?
What are the main branches of the abdominal aorta?
There are 3 major midline branches which supply the gut tube and associates structures:
‐ Celiac Trunk
‐ Superior Mesenteric Artery
‐ Inferior Mesenteric Artery
There are 3 pairs of arteries which emerge from the lateral sides of the aorta to supply
abdominal viscera:
‐ Suprarenal (these may be very hard to see)
‐ Renal
‐ Gonadal
There are also a series of lumbar arteries and the inferior phrenic artery which arise from the
posterio‐lateral aspect of the aorta.
What does aorta bifurcate into?
The aorta ultimately bifurcates into the common iliac arteries, which again splits into the internal and external branches.
Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?
Left renal vein
Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?
Inferior vena cava
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?
L4
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
Where does the celiac trunk arise from?
The celiac trunk, also known as the celiac artery, is a short vessel that arises from the aorta and passes below the median arcuate ligament, just as the aorta enters the abdomen at the level of the T12 vertebra
Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from?
It originates from the aorta between the celiac artery and renal arteries.
At L1§
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from?
It is located at the level of L2-L4 (most often at the L3-L4 disk space level, 2–3 cm above the aortic bifurcation).
What are the missing labels on the CT scan?
What do the external and internal iliac arteries supply?
-The internal iliac artery enters the pelvis and supplies the majority of the pelvic
viscera.
‐ The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery and supplies the lower limb.
What does the internal iliac artery branch into?
The internal iliac bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches.
o The anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum.
o The posterior branch supplies the gluteal region
What are the following missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the following labels?
What organs drain via the portal system?
Gut tube plus gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
What abdominal organs drain via the caval system?
Kidneys, suprarenal glands
How does the portal system differ from a systemic system?
Blood that drains via the portal system does not go straight back to the heart, as
it does in the caval system. Instead it is diverted to the liver for detoxification
and metabolism.
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
Where does vessel A drain into?
Superior vena cava
What organ(s) are supplied by the vessel indicated by arrow A?
Midgut structures
What is artery A?
Anterior branch of internal iliac
What are the missing labels?
Where is the inferior vena cava formed?
The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of left and right common iliac veins. Around L4,5.
What are the missing labels?
What two main vessels does lymth drain into?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
What landmark can be used to identify both the beginning and the end of the arch of the aorta, and what other anatomical landmarks can be found at this level?
The sternal angle [Angle of Louis] indicates the beginning / end of the arch of the aorta. It also indicates the separation of the superior and inferior mediastina, the bifurcation of the trachea (carina), and the drainage of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava.
What landmakr is used to seperate the thoracic and abdominal aorta?
The thoracic and abdominal aorta are defined by the passage across the diaphragm, which takes place at the aortic hiatus (T12).
What are the 3 layers that line arterial and venous walls?
The innermost layer is the tunica intima: a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue and elastic fibres.
Surrounding this layer is the tunica media, which is formed primarily of smooth muscle. Has multiple layers of relatively irregular looking smooth muscle fibres.
Finally, the outermost layer of the vessel is the tunica adventitia, comprised of circumferential layers of irregular connective tissue. It will contain a high collagen component, along with elastic fibres.
What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?
What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?
What are the 3 structures that run in the carotid sheath in the neck?
-Common carotid artery
-internal jugular vein
-vagus nerve.
What branches arise from the common carotid artery?
No branches, except at its bifurcation
What is more anterior; the internal or external carotid artery?
External
Why does the internal carotid artery feel larger or more swollen than the external?
The internal carotid artery may feel larger because it contains the carotid sinus: a site for monitoring blood pressure and O2 concentration.
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What is this artery?
Maxillary artery
What is this artery?
Facial
What is this artery?
Lingual
What is this artery?
Inferior alveolar
What is this artery?
Superficial temporal
What are the missing labels?
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.
Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively
Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?
Internal dural venous system
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
From which vessel does the right subclavian artery branch?
The right subclavian branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
What landmark indicates the change between the subclavian and axillary arteries?
The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery as it passes the lateral border of the first rib
What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?
The three parts of the axillary artery are:
* the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;
* the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;
* the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.
Where does the axillary artery terminate?
As above, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery as it passes the inferior border of teres major, where the axilla ends.
Where does the brachial artery terminate?
Immediately distal to the elbow it will bifurcate once again to form the radial and ulnar arteries
What muscle seperates the radial and ulnar arteries?
The pronator teres muscle separates the ulnar and radial arteries, with the radial artery passing deep while the ulnar artery remains superficial
What happens to the radial and ulnar arteries as they reach the palms?
The radial and ulnar arteries cross the wrist to anastomose within the hand. Each artery will contribute to two arches: the deep palmar arch and the superficial palmar arch.
- The ulnar artery is typically the dominant artery in the superficial palmar arch.
- The radial artery is the dominant artery in the deep palmar arch.
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What is the cubital fossa?
The cubital fossa is an area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm. It is located in a depression on the anterior surface of the elbow joint
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator
What is contained within the cubital fossa and in what position?
Tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What does the external iliac artery become?
The femoral artery
Distal from the inguinal ligament
A single major branch and some smaller branches of the internal iliac artery will also provide blood supply to the muscles of the thigh. What is the name of these vessels, and where do they provide blood supply?
The ‘major’ branch of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries, providing blood to the gluteal regions, do also arise from branches of the internal iliac artery.
What is the femoral triangle?
The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
What is a mneumonic to remember the structures in the femoral triangle?
Navel: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics (also going lateral – medial).
What is this vessel and what is its function?
Profunda femoris, provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.
What are the branches of the profunda femoris artery?
Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Perforating femoral artery
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
When the femoral artery nears the knee, it passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle to become the popliteal artery, posterior to the knee. What is this opening called?
The femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.
What is this artery?
Obturator artery
What is this artery?
Popliteal artery
What happens when the popliteal artery terminates?
The popliteal artery passes through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into its two terminal branches; the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
What artery is this?
Posterior tibial artery
What artery is this?
Anterior tibial artery
What artery is this?
Dorsalis Pedis artery
What artery is this?
Medial plantar artery
What artery is this?
Fibular/ peroneal artery
What is the popliteal fossa?
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint.
This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Boundaries – hamstrings, heads of gastrocnemius
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, popliteus
What are the different bones of the skull and the sutures?
1= Parietal, 2= Lambdoid suture, 3= Sphenoid bone, 4= Temporal bone, 5= Occipital bone, 6= Mandible, 7= Frontal, 8= Coronal suture, 9= Pterion, 10= External acoustic meatus
What bone is this?
Zygomatic bone
What bone is this?
Sphenoid bone
What bone is this?
Maxilla
What bone is this?
Temporal bone
What bone is this?
Ethmoid bone
What bone is this?
Lacrimal bone
What are the different cranial foramina?
1= Superior orbital fissure, 2= Foramen rotundum, 3= Foramen ovale, 4= Foramen spinosum, 5= Hypoglossal canal, 6= Foramen magnum, 7= Cribriform plate, 8= Foramen lacerum, 9= Internal acoustic meatus, 10= Jugular foramen
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Orbicucularis oculi
Closes eyelids
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Orbicularis oris- compresses and protudes lips
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Nasalis- compresses and dilates nostrils
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Procerus- depresses median angle of eyebrow
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Elevates angle of mouth (Zygomaticus major)
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Buccinator- compresses cheeks
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Levator labii superioris- elevates upper lips
What are the following muscles of facial expression?
1= Orbicularis oculi, 2= Nasalis, 3= Buccinator, 4= Masseter, 5= Frontalis, 6= Temporalis, 7= Orbicularis oris, 8= Platysma, 9= Zygomaticus major, 10 = Depressor labii inferioris
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Temporalis- retracts mandible
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Masseter- elevates mandible
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Medial pterygoid- Protrudes mandible
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Lateral pterygoid- Depresses mandible
What are the lables on the vertebrae?
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Platysma- depresses mandible and angle of mouth
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Trapezius- elevation, retraction, depression and rotation of the scapula
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Sternocleidomastoid- cervical rotation and flexsion
What nerve are trapezius and sternocleidomastoid supplied by?
Accessory nerve
At what vertebral level do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?
The left common carotid (typically) emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery
Which vessel supplies structures within the neck and face?
External carotid artery
Where does the jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.
Which structures can be found within the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve
Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively
Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?
Internal dural venous system
What are the extraocular muscles?
4 x rectus muscles- superior, inferior, medial and lateral
2 x oblique muscles- superior and inferior
What are the missing labels?
What bone is this?
Vomer
What structures form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer and nasal septal cartilage
What are the missing labels?
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Roof= hard and soft palates
Walls= buccinator muscles
Floor= muscular diaphragm and tongue
What is Waldeyer’s ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?
A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.
Where is the start and end of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
What are the names of the circular pharynx muscles and their function?
Superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor
They decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along towards the oesophagus
What are the names of the longitudinal pharynx and their function?
Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
They shorten and widen the pharynx during swallowing and elevate the larynx during swallowing
What vertebral level does the larynx lie at?
C3-C7
What are the missing labels?
What structures does the thyrohoid membrane run on?
Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
What are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?
The vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath. On the left-hand side, the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of aorta. On the right-hand side, the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the following features on a vertebrae?
What are the missing labels?
What is the most common histological stain?
Haematoxylin and Eosin
What arte the 3 layers of skin?
What is contained within each of the 3 layers of skin?
- Epidermis: keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- Dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue
- Hypodermis: Adipose tissue
What are the distinguishing features of thick skin under a microscope?
The thickness of the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (thin has more simple squamous cells)
The lack of hair follicles
Lack of disrupting structures in the dermis
What are the missing labels on this histology of thick skin?
What are the missinb labels on this histology of thin skin?
What are the missing labels?
What is wrong with this radiograph?
Dislocated shoulder
What is the arrow pointing to?
Growth plate in a child
What is an angiogram?
An ‘arteriogram’ uses an injected contrast agent to increase the radiopacity of the chosen structure. This causes them to become bright white in the final image
What are the missing labels?
What do ‘axial’ and ‘coronal’ mean in CT scans?
- ‘Axial’ is the term used to describe a transverse view on a CT: cut through the ‘short axis’ of the body.
Coronal is the view created by ‘slicing’ from left to right, separating an anterior segment from a posterior segment
How do you read a CT scan?
To read an axial CT, you should imagine you are standing at the foot of your patient’s bed, looking up through their body from below.
What colour are bones in CT and MRI scans?
In a CT scan bone will appear bright white as it blocks most radiation from passing. In an MRI bone will typically appear black because of its very low water content
