Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sem 2 Year 2 > Anatomy year 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy year 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the following labels on this cadaver?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is more posterior, the oesophagus or trachea?

A

Oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the folliwing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are are subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what level are the superior and middle/anterior/posterior mediastinum seperated?

A

The sternal angle, the line reaches back to T4/T5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The thoracic mediastinum is the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is located in the posterior mediastinum?

A

The oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos veins, vagus nerves and sympathetic chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different types of pericardium?

A

Tough outer layer= fibrous pericardium, attaches to diaphragm
2 layered inner layer= parietal lines inner surface of fibrous while visceral covers outer surface of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The potential space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium, contains fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What/where is the transvere sinus in the pericardium?

A

The transverse pericardial sinus is the transverse communication between the left and right parts of the pericardial space proper behind the two outflow arteries of the heart.
It is posterior to the intrapericardial parts of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structures carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the heart?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What order does blood flow through the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulomary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulomary vein -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the musculari pectinati?

A

The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel muscular ridges in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

The crista terminalis (terminal crest) is a C-shaped ridge located in the endocardial aspect of the right atrium of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the following features of the right atrium of the heart?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?

A

The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?

A

The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?

A

The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The coronary sinus is the major venous tributary of the greater cardiac venous system; it is responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the trabeculae carneae?

A

The trabeculae carneae are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 4 heart valaves and how many cusps do they have?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where and what is the left auricular appendage?

A

Your left atrial appendage is a small pouch, shaped like a windsock, found in the top left of your heart
Seen below as LAA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do the right and left ventricles differ from one another?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the following arteries?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply and split into?

A

The left main coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle. The left main coronary divides into branches:

The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.

The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and encircles the heart muscle. This artery supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply and split into?

A

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes.
The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches, including the right posterior interventricular artery and the right marginal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the position of the SA node?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the missing labels?

A

Descending artery= interventricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

It arises along the posterior aspect of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the aortic sinuses?

A

An aortic sinus is one of the anatomic dilatations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. Coloured stars below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What artery is this?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What artery is this?

A

Right subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What artery is this?

A

Right common carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left external carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left internal carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left brachiocephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left internal jugular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left external jugular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the midaxillary line?

A

The midaxillary line is an imaginary landmark line that runs through an individual’s torso, separating the body into its anterior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the following imaginary lines?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why are the midclavicular and midaxillary line important when thinking about pleural cavities?

A

They aid in visualising where the pleural cavities lie within a patient. The midaxillary line is used to insert a pleural tap (thoracentesis), to remove air or fluid from the pleural cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the pleural cavities?

A

The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the function of the pleural cavities?

A

They provide surface tension and cohesion to keep the lung surfaces in contact with the thoracic wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the pleural recesses?

A

The lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity, creating two pleural recesses
Known as costodiaphragmatic recesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The left costomediastinal recess is larger than the right, why?

A

Due to the presence of the cardiac notch in the left lung, which is more pronounced than the notch in the parietal pleural surrounding the left lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the name of the muscle forming the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the differences between the left and right main bronchi?

A

Right main bronchus – wider, shorter and more vertical than the left main bronchus
Left main bronchus – thin, long and more horizontal than right main bronchus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What do the main bronchi divide into?

A

Right main bronchus – 3 lobar bronchi
Left main bronchus – 2 lobar bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

A

They are coated in a thin film of pulmonary surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

In which part of the bronchial tree does the function change from the passage of air to gas exchange?

A

At the respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the missing labels on this lung?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the missing labels on these lungs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What features can help identify a left and right lung?

A

Left lung – lingual and cardiac notch
Right lung – Middle lobe and horizontal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

The hilum of the lung is found on the medial aspect of each lung, and it is the only site of entrance or exit of structures associated with the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the missing labels on the lung?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?

A

Bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulomary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymph vessels, efferent and afferent nerves.
(Most may not be seen on specimens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

The ligament forms a barrier between the anterior and posterior parts of the mediastinal portion of the pleural cavity below the root of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

On what lung would impressions from the following structures be found?

A

Cardiac= both, mainly left
Azygous vein= right
Thoracic aorta= left
Oesophagus= both
Arch of aorta= left
Inferior vena cava= right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the following grooves for on the lungs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Which landmarks divide the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4 & T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are the following labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What structures are found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart, ascending aorta, trachea and other great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic aorta, azygous vein, main bronchus, oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the pleura and what are the layers of the pleura?

A

A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity
The outer layer is called the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall. The inner layer is called the visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the innervation to the costal parietal pleura?

A

The costal pleura is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the rib cage
INNERVATION= intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

The mediastinal pleura and most of the diaphragmatic pleura, as well as the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Which structures of the thorax does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs and the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The vagus nerve passes posterior to which structure of the respiratory system?

A

It passes posterior to the root of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the 4 areas of parietal pleura?

A

The parietal pleura is split into 4 areas- costal; comes into contact with the thoracic cage with the ribs and intercostal spaces. The mediastinal area comes in contact with mediastinum. Diaphragmatic part covers base of lung. The cervical part lines domed apex of lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What are the two pleural cavities seperated by?

A

The mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

How many ribs are there and what are the different types of ribs?

A

Ribs 1 – 7 (‘true ribs’) articulate directly with the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Ribs 8 – 10 (‘false ribs’) indirectly articulate with the sternum, as their costal cartilages connect with the seventh costal cartilage; by the costochondral joint
Ribs 11 and 12 (‘floating ribs) do not articulate with the sternum.

ALSO
Get atypical and typical ribs-
Typical: Ribs 3 – 9 (share common features)
Atypical: Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12 (each have their own distinctive features)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is this part of a typical rib?

A

Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is this part of a typical rib?

A

Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)

A

Tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)

A

Angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is this part of a typical rib?

A

Subcostal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What part of the first rib is this?

A

Scalene tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What part of the first rib is this? (posterior view)

A

Tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What part of the first rib is this?

A

Articular facet on head of rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What part of the first rib is this?

A

Groove for subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What part of the first rib is this?

A

Groove for subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What muscle attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?

A

Scalenus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What are the following missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q
  • Which ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?
A

2nd ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q
  • What vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?
A

T4/T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q
  • What other anatomical landmarks are located at the sternal angle?
A

T4/T5
Junction between ascending aorta and arch of the aorta
Junction between the arch of the aorta and decending aorta
Bifurcation of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What are these joints?

A

Costo-transvere joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What are the two costovertebral joints?

A

Costotransverse joint Joints of Heads of Ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What do the following actions of the ribs do to the thorax?

Bucket handle motion of ribs
Pump handle action of sternum
Inferior movement of diaphragm

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?

A

Clavicle, cartilages of 1st ribs, part of the cartillages of 2nd ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What articulate with the body of the sternum?

A

Cartilages of Ribs 2-7 (and 8-10 indirectly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What are the different parts of the sternum?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscle that is critical for the process of respiration – particularly inhalation/ inspiration. It also serves as the anatomical boundary separating the thorax from the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated slightly anterior to the vault formed by the muscle
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, causing the central tendon to be drawn inferiorly which partially flattens the domes bilaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What are the crura of the diaphragm?

A

The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

At what vertebral level do the vena cava, aorta and oesophagus pass through the diagragm?

A

vena cava= T8
aorta (aortic hiatus)= T12
oesophagus= T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves located in the abdomen?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

What are the root values for the phrenic nerve?

A

C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What information is carried to/from the diaphragm in the phrenic nerve?

A

All motor information. Sensory information for the central parts of the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic
The peripheral parts of the diaphragm receive sensory innervation from lower intercostal and subcostal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Between what two layers of intercostal muscle is the neurovascular bundle found?

A

Between internal and innermost

131
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
132
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
133
Q

What orientation do the innermost intercostal fibres run?

A

Same as internal

134
Q

Do the intercostal muscles cover the length of each intercostal space?

A

NO
-The external layer is incomplete anteriorly, where it is replaced with the anterior intercostal membrane.
-The internal layer is incomplete posteriorly, where it is replaced with the posterior intercostal membrane.
-The innermost layer is only present on the lateral aspects of the thoracic wall

135
Q

What is the innermost intercostal muscle replaced with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly the layer is completed by the transversus thoracis muscle (also known as sternocostalis), while posteriorly the muscle layer is completed by the subcostal muscles).

136
Q

What are the accessory muscles of respiration and what is their function?

A

During significant physical exertion, additional muscle groups are recruited to aid movement of the chest wall
Pectoralis major
Scalenus anterior
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid

137
Q

Where is the scalenus anterior muscle located?

A
138
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
139
Q

Is the neurovascular bundle located in the superior or inferior portion of each intercostal space?

A

Superiorly, at the inferior aspect of the upper rib

140
Q

What is the name of the groove on the corresponding rib where the neurovascular bundle runs?

A

Subcostal groove

141
Q

Where would you insert a needle or chest drain (with respect to the ribs) when attempting to access the thoracic cavity (e.g. in a patient with pneumothorax)?

A

Just above the superior border of a rib

142
Q

Which arteries can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

143
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

Anterior: from internal thoracic artery or its branch (musculophrenic a.)
Posterior: from thoracic descending aorta.

144
Q

Which veins can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal veins

145
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

Anterior: internal thoracic vein, or musculophrenic vein
Posterior: Azygous system

146
Q

Which nerves are responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves – from anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves

147
Q

What are the missing labels?

A

RIMA= internal thoracic

148
Q

What structures form the thoracic inlet and outlet?

A

Inlet is formed of the body of T1 posteriorly, the medial margin of the first rib and manubrium anteriorly.
Outlet is formed of the body of T12 posteriorly, the 12th rib, the distal end of the 11th rib, the distal costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process anteriorly\
Inlet= open, outlet= closed by diaphragm

149
Q

What major blood vessel gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?

A

Thoracic aorta

150
Q

What major blood vessel gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?

A

Internal thoracic artery

151
Q

What major blood vessel gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?

A

Subclavian artery

152
Q

What are the blood vessels shown?

A
153
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
154
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

The superior vena cava

155
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain in to?

A

The internal thoracic vein

156
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain in to?

A

The azygous system

157
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
158
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
159
Q

What is the general rule of the pathway of the lymphatic system?

A

As a general rule the lymphatic drainage of a region follows the arterial supply to that
structure, but flowing in the opposite direction.

160
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct is the main channel which returns lymph from body to the venous
system

161
Q

Where can the thoracic duct be found?

A

As it ascends through the
thoracic cavity, it can be found:
‐ Anterior to the thoracic vertebrae
‐ To the right of the midline
‐ Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein

162
Q

Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus (T12)

163
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Many lymphatic ducts converge at the upper lumbar vertebrae to create the
cisterna chylii. This serves as the origin of the thoracic duct, which then ascends

164
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

In over 95% of cases, the thoracic duct terminates in the left internal jugular vein, the left subclavian vein, or the angle between the two.

165
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
166
Q

What are the main branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

There are 3 major midline branches which supply the gut tube and associates structures:
‐ Celiac Trunk
‐ Superior Mesenteric Artery
‐ Inferior Mesenteric Artery
There are 3 pairs of arteries which emerge from the lateral sides of the aorta to supply
abdominal viscera:
‐ Suprarenal (these may be very hard to see)
‐ Renal
‐ Gonadal
There are also a series of lumbar arteries and the inferior phrenic artery which arise from the
posterio‐lateral aspect of the aorta.

167
Q

What does aorta bifurcate into?

A

The aorta ultimately bifurcates into the common iliac arteries, which again splits into the internal and external branches.

168
Q

Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?

A

Left renal vein

169
Q

Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?

A

Inferior vena cava

170
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?

A

L4

171
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
172
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
173
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
174
Q

Where does the celiac trunk arise from?

A

The celiac trunk, also known as the celiac artery, is a short vessel that arises from the aorta and passes below the median arcuate ligament, just as the aorta enters the abdomen at the level of the T12 vertebra

175
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from?

A

It originates from the aorta between the celiac artery and renal arteries.
At L1§

176
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from?

A

It is located at the level of L2-L4 (most often at the L3-L4 disk space level, 2–3 cm above the aortic bifurcation).

177
Q

What are the missing labels on the CT scan?

A
178
Q

What do the external and internal iliac arteries supply?

A

-The internal iliac artery enters the pelvis and supplies the majority of the pelvic
viscera.
‐ The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery and supplies the lower limb.

179
Q

What does the internal iliac artery branch into?

A

The internal iliac bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches.
o The anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum.
o The posterior branch supplies the gluteal region

180
Q

What are the following missing labels?

A
181
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
182
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
183
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
184
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
185
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
186
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
187
Q

What are the following labels?

A
188
Q

What organs drain via the portal system?

A

Gut tube plus gall bladder, pancreas and spleen

189
Q

What abdominal organs drain via the caval system?

A

Kidneys, suprarenal glands

190
Q

How does the portal system differ from a systemic system?

A

Blood that drains via the portal system does not go straight back to the heart, as
it does in the caval system. Instead it is diverted to the liver for detoxification
and metabolism.

191
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
192
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
193
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
194
Q

Where does vessel A drain into?

A

Superior vena cava

195
Q

What organ(s) are supplied by the vessel indicated by arrow A?

A

Midgut structures

196
Q

What is artery A?

A

Anterior branch of internal iliac

197
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
198
Q

Where is the inferior vena cava formed?

A

The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of left and right common iliac veins. Around L4,5.

199
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
200
Q

What two main vessels does lymth drain into?

A

Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct

201
Q

What landmark can be used to identify both the beginning and the end of the arch of the aorta, and what other anatomical landmarks can be found at this level?

A

The sternal angle [Angle of Louis] indicates the beginning / end of the arch of the aorta. It also indicates the separation of the superior and inferior mediastina, the bifurcation of the trachea (carina), and the drainage of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava.

202
Q

What landmakr is used to seperate the thoracic and abdominal aorta?

A

The thoracic and abdominal aorta are defined by the passage across the diaphragm, which takes place at the aortic hiatus (T12).

203
Q

What are the 3 layers that line arterial and venous walls?

A

The innermost layer is the tunica intima: a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue and elastic fibres.

Surrounding this layer is the tunica media, which is formed primarily of smooth muscle. Has multiple layers of relatively irregular looking smooth muscle fibres.

Finally, the outermost layer of the vessel is the tunica adventitia, comprised of circumferential layers of irregular connective tissue. It will contain a high collagen component, along with elastic fibres.

204
Q

What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?

A
205
Q

What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?

A
206
Q

What are the 3 structures that run in the carotid sheath in the neck?

A

-Common carotid artery
-internal jugular vein
-vagus nerve.

207
Q

What branches arise from the common carotid artery?

A

No branches, except at its bifurcation

208
Q

What is more anterior; the internal or external carotid artery?

A

External

209
Q

Why does the internal carotid artery feel larger or more swollen than the external?

A

The internal carotid artery may feel larger because it contains the carotid sinus: a site for monitoring blood pressure and O2 concentration.

210
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
211
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
212
Q

What is this artery?

A

Maxillary artery

213
Q

What is this artery?

A

Facial

214
Q

What is this artery?

A

Lingual

215
Q

What is this artery?

A

Inferior alveolar

216
Q

What is this artery?

A

Superficial temporal

217
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
218
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.

219
Q

Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively

220
Q

Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?

A

Internal dural venous system

221
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
222
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
223
Q

From which vessel does the right subclavian artery branch?

A

The right subclavian branches from the brachiocephalic trunk

224
Q

What landmark indicates the change between the subclavian and axillary arteries?

A

The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery as it passes the lateral border of the first rib

225
Q

What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?

A

The three parts of the axillary artery are:
* the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;
* the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;
* the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.

226
Q

Where does the axillary artery terminate?

A

As above, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery as it passes the inferior border of teres major, where the axilla ends.

227
Q

Where does the brachial artery terminate?

A

Immediately distal to the elbow it will bifurcate once again to form the radial and ulnar arteries

228
Q

What muscle seperates the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

The pronator teres muscle separates the ulnar and radial arteries, with the radial artery passing deep while the ulnar artery remains superficial

229
Q

What happens to the radial and ulnar arteries as they reach the palms?

A

The radial and ulnar arteries cross the wrist to anastomose within the hand. Each artery will contribute to two arches: the deep palmar arch and the superficial palmar arch.
- The ulnar artery is typically the dominant artery in the superficial palmar arch.
- The radial artery is the dominant artery in the deep palmar arch.

230
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
231
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
232
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

The cubital fossa is an area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm. It is located in a depression on the anterior surface of the elbow joint

233
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator

234
Q

What is contained within the cubital fossa and in what position?

A

Tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)

235
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
236
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
237
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
238
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
239
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
240
Q

What does the external iliac artery become?

A

The femoral artery
Distal from the inguinal ligament

241
Q

A single major branch and some smaller branches of the internal iliac artery will also provide blood supply to the muscles of the thigh. What is the name of these vessels, and where do they provide blood supply?

A

The ‘major’ branch of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries, providing blood to the gluteal regions, do also arise from branches of the internal iliac artery.

242
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh

243
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
244
Q

What is a mneumonic to remember the structures in the femoral triangle?

A

Navel: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics (also going lateral – medial).

245
Q

What is this vessel and what is its function?

A

Profunda femoris, provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.

246
Q

What are the branches of the profunda femoris artery?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Perforating femoral artery

247
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
248
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
249
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
250
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
251
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
252
Q

When the femoral artery nears the knee, it passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle to become the popliteal artery, posterior to the knee. What is this opening called?

A

The femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.

253
Q

What is this artery?

A

Obturator artery

254
Q

What is this artery?

A

Popliteal artery

255
Q

What happens when the popliteal artery terminates?

A

The popliteal artery passes through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into its two terminal branches; the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

256
Q

What artery is this?

A

Posterior tibial artery

257
Q

What artery is this?

A

Anterior tibial artery

258
Q

What artery is this?

A

Dorsalis Pedis artery

259
Q

What artery is this?

A

Medial plantar artery

260
Q

What artery is this?

A

Fibular/ peroneal artery

261
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint.
This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.

262
Q

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

A
263
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Boundaries – hamstrings, heads of gastrocnemius
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, popliteus

264
Q

What are the different bones of the skull and the sutures?

A

1= Parietal, 2= Lambdoid suture, 3= Sphenoid bone, 4= Temporal bone, 5= Occipital bone, 6= Mandible, 7= Frontal, 8= Coronal suture, 9= Pterion, 10= External acoustic meatus

265
Q

What bone is this?

A

Zygomatic bone

266
Q

What bone is this?

A

Sphenoid bone

267
Q

What bone is this?

A

Maxilla

268
Q

What bone is this?

A

Temporal bone

269
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ethmoid bone

270
Q

What bone is this?

A

Lacrimal bone

271
Q

What are the different cranial foramina?

A

1= Superior orbital fissure, 2= Foramen rotundum, 3= Foramen ovale, 4= Foramen spinosum, 5= Hypoglossal canal, 6= Foramen magnum, 7= Cribriform plate, 8= Foramen lacerum, 9= Internal acoustic meatus, 10= Jugular foramen

272
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Orbicucularis oculi
Closes eyelids

273
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Orbicularis oris- compresses and protudes lips

274
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Nasalis- compresses and dilates nostrils

275
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Procerus- depresses median angle of eyebrow

276
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Elevates angle of mouth (Zygomaticus major)

277
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Buccinator- compresses cheeks

278
Q

What is this muscle and what is its function?

A

Levator labii superioris- elevates upper lips

279
Q

What are the following muscles of facial expression?

A

1= Orbicularis oculi, 2= Nasalis, 3= Buccinator, 4= Masseter, 5= Frontalis, 6= Temporalis, 7= Orbicularis oris, 8= Platysma, 9= Zygomaticus major, 10 = Depressor labii inferioris

280
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Temporalis- retracts mandible

281
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Masseter- elevates mandible

282
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Medial pterygoid- Protrudes mandible

283
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Lateral pterygoid- Depresses mandible

284
Q

What are the lables on the vertebrae?

A
285
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Platysma- depresses mandible and angle of mouth

286
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Trapezius- elevation, retraction, depression and rotation of the scapula

287
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Sternocleidomastoid- cervical rotation and flexsion

288
Q

What nerve are trapezius and sternocleidomastoid supplied by?

A

Accessory nerve

289
Q

At what vertebral level do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?

A
290
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
291
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
292
Q

What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?

A

The left common carotid (typically) emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery

293
Q

Which vessel supplies structures within the neck and face?

A

External carotid artery

294
Q

Where does the jugular vein begin?

A

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.

295
Q

Which structures can be found within the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve

296
Q

Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively

297
Q

Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?

A

Internal dural venous system

298
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A

4 x rectus muscles- superior, inferior, medial and lateral
2 x oblique muscles- superior and inferior

299
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
300
Q

What bone is this?

A

Vomer

301
Q

What structures form the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer and nasal septal cartilage

302
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
303
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Roof= hard and soft palates
Walls= buccinator muscles
Floor= muscular diaphragm and tongue

304
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?

A

A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.

305
Q

Where is the start and end of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A
306
Q

What are the names of the circular pharynx muscles and their function?

A

Superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor
They decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along towards the oesophagus

307
Q

What are the names of the longitudinal pharynx and their function?

A

Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
They shorten and widen the pharynx during swallowing and elevate the larynx during swallowing

308
Q

What vertebral level does the larynx lie at?

A

C3-C7

309
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
310
Q

What structures does the thyrohoid membrane run on?

A

Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

311
Q

What are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?

A

The vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath. On the left-hand side, the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of aorta. On the right-hand side, the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

312
Q

What are the following features on a vertebrae?

A
313
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
314
Q

What is the most common histological stain?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

315
Q

What arte the 3 layers of skin?

A
316
Q

What is contained within each of the 3 layers of skin?

A
  • Epidermis: keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • Dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Hypodermis: Adipose tissue
317
Q

What are the distinguishing features of thick skin under a microscope?

A

The thickness of the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (thin has more simple squamous cells)
The lack of hair follicles
Lack of disrupting structures in the dermis

318
Q

What are the missing labels on this histology of thick skin?

A
319
Q

What are the missinb labels on this histology of thin skin?

A
320
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
321
Q

What is wrong with this radiograph?

A

Dislocated shoulder

322
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Growth plate in a child

323
Q

What is an angiogram?

A

An ‘arteriogram’ uses an injected contrast agent to increase the radiopacity of the chosen structure. This causes them to become bright white in the final image

324
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
325
Q

What do ‘axial’ and ‘coronal’ mean in CT scans?

A
  1. ‘Axial’ is the term used to describe a transverse view on a CT: cut through the ‘short axis’ of the body.
    Coronal is the view created by ‘slicing’ from left to right, separating an anterior segment from a posterior segment
326
Q

How do you read a CT scan?

A

To read an axial CT, you should imagine you are standing at the foot of your patient’s bed, looking up through their body from below.

327
Q

What colour are bones in CT and MRI scans?

A

In a CT scan bone will appear bright white as it blocks most radiation from passing. In an MRI bone will typically appear black because of its very low water content

Sem 2 Year 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions