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Sem 2 Year 2 > Abdominal and GI anatomy > Flashcards

Abdominal and GI anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of abdominal cavity?

A

Pelvic diaphragm/ floor at bottom
Diaphragm at top
Pelvic cavity and abdominal cavity are seperated by the pelvic brim although are still one cavity

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3
Q

What are the different layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia (split into two)
  • Muscle layers
  • Fascia related to muscles
  • Extraperitoneal fascia
    -Parietal peritoneum
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4
Q

What are the two layers of superficial fascia in the anterior abdomin wall?

A

Fatty layer- Camper’s fascia
Membranous layer- Scarpa’s fascia

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5
Q

Where in the abdomen is the deep fascia?

A

There is no deep fascia in the abdomen

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6
Q

Where do blood vessels lie in the abdomen wall?

A

Muscles are divided into 3 layers, blood vessels and vasculature lie between the middle and innermost layers

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7
Q

What is the most superficial layer of anterior abdominal muscle?

A

External oblique

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8
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

A thin line of connective tissue that runs down the fron of the abdomen
It begins at the lower end of your sternum (breastbone) and ends at the public bone.
Formed by aponeurosis of external oblique?

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9
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

Sheet-like fibrous membrane
An aponeurosis is a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones.

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10
Q

What way do the fibres of external oblique pass?

A

Downwards and medial

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11
Q

Where does external oblique muscles run from and to?

A

Lower 8 ribs to iliac crest and aponeurosis

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12
Q

What are the outermost, middle and innermost abdominal muscles?

A

Outer= external oblique
Middle= Internal oblique
Inner= Transverse abdominus

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13
Q

What way do the fibres of internal oblique run?

A

Upwards and medial

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14
Q

Where does internal oblique run from?

A

Origin= iliac crest, inguinal ligament
Inserts at inferior border of lower 3 ribs

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15
Q

What are these muscles?

A

Yellow= internal oblique
Red= external oblique

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16
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

The roof of the canal is formed by the internal oblique and transversus abdominis as they merge to form the conjoint tendon running from the pubic crest to the pectineal line of the pelvis.

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17
Q

Where does transverse abdominis run?

A

Origin- inguinal ligament, iliac crest, costal cartilages of ribs
Insertion- linea alba

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18
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Pyramidalis

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19
Q

What is rectus abdominus made of?

A

Made of a series of muscles that are joined by tendinous intersections

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20
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

The posterior layer of the rectus sheath does not go all the way down, stops at the arcuate line
Between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis

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21
Q

How is the rectus sheath formed below and above the arcuate line?

A
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22
Q

What are the dermatomes of the abdominal wall?

A
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23
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Pass around body from posterior to anterior in an medial direction
T7-T12 and L1 spinal nerves

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24
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
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25
Q

What is the principle blood supply of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Superior epigastric artery from internal thoracic artery
Inferior epigastric artery from external iliac artery

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26
Q

What are the functions of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Movement of trunk- lateral muscles laterally flex trunk and rotate spine
Houses and protects major body organs
Assists with bodily functions- childbirth, defecation, breathing

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27
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Canal found in medial part of the inguinal region which conveys the spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus
Starts at the deep inguinal ring and finishes at the superficial inguinal ring

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28
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

It is formed by testes pushing through the abdominal wall

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29
Q

What is the Gubernaculum?

A

Is the rudder that guides the testes

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30
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

An extension of the abdominal space
The processus vaginalis is a blind‐ended evagination of the abdominal wall that develops during fetal life and typically undergoes obliteration in early life

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31
Q

How does the inguinal canal develop?

A
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32
Q

Where are the remenents of the gubernaculumin males and females?

A

Female= round ligament
Male= below testes

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33
Q

What is the floor and the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Floor= formed by medial half of inguinal ligament

Roof= formed by the lower curved fibres of internal oblique and transverse abdominus

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34
Q

What are the deep and the superficial rings of the inguinal canal?

A

The deep ring is formed by the transversalis fascia and lies lateral to the epigastric vessels. The superficial or external ring is the terminal end of the inguinal canal. It is located just superior to the pubic tubercle.

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35
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

The aponeurosis of external oblique and some of the internal oblique muscles

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36
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal ligament?

A

Transversalis fascia

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37
Q

What is the inguinal shutter?

A

The arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominus contract when the muscles of the abdomen contract. This acts as a shutter on the posterior wall to protect it from herniation. This is termed the Shutter Mechanism.

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38
Q

What are the layers of spermatic cord made of?

A

Thinned out layers of the abdominal wall
External oblique= external spermatic fascia
Transversus and internal oblique= cremasteric fascia
Transversalis fascia= internal spermatic fascia

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39
Q

What is in the inguinal canal?

A

Male: spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve
Female: round ligament of the uterus and ilioinguinal nerve

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40
Q

What structures are present in the spermatic duct?

A

3 arteries; testicular, cremasteric, ductus deferens artery
3 nerves; genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetic fibers, ilioinguinal nerve
Pampiniform pleux of veins and lymphatics

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41
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Protrusion of organ from one place to another
In the inguinal hernias, can be direct or indirect

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42
Q

What are direct and indirect inguinal hernias?

A
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43
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

Organ or fatty tissue pushes through the abdominal wall to the femoral canal

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44
Q

What muscle can be seen below?

A

Rectus abdominis

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45
Q

What muscle can be seen below?

A

External oblique

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46
Q

What muscle can be seen below?

A

Internal oblique

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47
Q

What muscle can be seen below?

A

Transversus abdominis

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48
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and what direction do their fibres run?

A

External oblique- downward, medial
Internal oblique- upward, forward
Transversus abdominins- transverse (horizontal)
Rectus abdominis- verticle
Pyramidalis

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49
Q

What are the origins and insertations of external oblique?

A

Origin= lower 8 ribs
I- linea alba via rectus sheath, iliac crest and lower border forms inguinal ligament

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50
Q

What are the origins and insertations of internal oblique?

A

Origin= iliac crest, lateral two thirds of inguinal crest
Insertion= costal margin, linea alba, pubic crest and pectineal line via conjoint tendon

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51
Q

What are the origins and insertations of transversus abdominus?

A

Origin= costal margin, iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament
Insertion= linea alba, pubic crest and pectineal line via conjoint tendon

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52
Q

What is the origin and insertion of rectus abdominis?

A

Origin= pubic crest
Insertation= costal cartilages 5,6,7

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53
Q

What are the nerve supplies of the anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-T12), iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal (L1) for the fibres of the conjoint tendon (inguinal shutter mechanism)

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54
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Move trunk (flexsion and lateral rotation), compresses abdomen for expiration, support of viscera and control of inguinal shutter mechanism

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55
Q

The neurovascular plane lies between which two muscle layers in the abdominal and thorax anterior wall?

A

The neurovascular bundle lies between the middle and inner layers of the body wall (internal
oblique and transversus abdominis in abdomen; ; internal and innermost intercostal in thorax)

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56
Q

What is the rectus sheath formed by?

A

Formed by the aponeuroses of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles- external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis as they insert into the linea alba

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57
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

the midline fibrous structure running from xiphisternum to pubic symphysis.

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58
Q

What is the most common means of accessing the abdominal cavity during surgery and why?

A

The linea alba- it is a bloodless plane

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59
Q

What are the 3 areas the rectus sheath can be split into?

A

Above the costal margin, between the costal margin and arcuate line and below arcuate line

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60
Q

What is the arrangement of the aponeuroses of the anterolateral abdominal wall
muscle at the following levels?
a) above the costal margin
b) between the costal margin and the arcuate line
c) below the arcuate lin

A

a) Anterior sheath only= from external oblique aponeurosis
b) Anterior and posterior sheath (internal oblique splits)
c) anterior sheath only= from all 3 aponeuroses

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61
Q

What does the rectus sheath contain?

A

Rectus abdominis, pyramidalis, superior and inferior epigastric vessels and lower and intercostal nerves

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62
Q

In a midline incision, what layers would be transversed before en

A

Skin -> Superficial fasica (fatty Camper, membranous scarpa) -> linea alba -> transversalis fascia -> extraperitoneal fat -> parietal peritoneum

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63
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain in the male and female?

A

Male- spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve and obliterated remains of the processus vaginalis
Female- round ligament of the uterus in the female

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64
Q

What structures form the anterior and posterior walls, roof and floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior wall= Superficial ring (medially; weak), EO aponeurosis and IO muscle (laterally; strong)
Posterior wall= Conjoint tendon (medially, strong); transversalis fascia and deep ring (laterally; weak)
Roof= Lowermost fibres of IO and TA muscles (insert via conjoint tendon; form ‘inguinal shutter’)
Floor= Inguinal and lacunar ligaments

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65
Q

From where are the coverings of the spermatic cord derived?

A

External spermatic fascia – from EO aponeurosis
Cremasteric fascia – from IO and TA muscles
Internal spermatic fascia – from transversalis fascia

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66
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spermatic fascia?

A
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67
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A

3 arteries: testicular, cremasteric, artery of vas
3 nerves: ilioinguinal, genital branch of genitofemoral, sympathetic fibres
3 others: corresponding veins (incl. pampiniform plexus), lymphatics, vas deferens
AND the obliterated remains of processus vaginalis

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68
Q

What are the 3 types of groin hernia?

A

Inguinal hernia- direct and indirect
Femoral hernia

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69
Q

What is the following bony landmark?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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70
Q

What is the following bony landmark?

A

Pubic tubercle

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71
Q

What structures are located at the mid point of the inguinal ligament and where is it?

A

The deep ring of the inguinal canal
Midway vetween ASIS and pubic tubercle

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72
Q

What structures are located at the mid inguinal point and where is it?

A

Femoral artery
Midway between ASIS and pubic synthesis

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73
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament run from?

A

Extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle

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74
Q

How can you tell the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A

They are distinguished based on a relationship to the inferior epigastric vessels
Indirect= lateral to femoral vessels (as is canal), direct= medial to vessels

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75
Q

How can you tell the diffence between a direct inguinal hernia and a femoral?

A

They are both medial to the femoral vessels, they are distinguished based on their relationship to the pubic tubercle
- Inguinal emerges above and medial to tubercle
- Femoral emerges below and lateral to tubercle

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76
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal triangle of Hesselbach and why is it useful to define?

A

Boundaries: inguinal ligament, inf. epigastric vessels, edge of rectus sheath (linea semilunaris)
Significance: a direct inguinal hernia pushes forward through the triangle (medial to the IEA)

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77
Q

What are the following labels showing the inguinal area?

A
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78
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Your peritoneum is a membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs.
Two layers- visceral and parietal
The outer layer is the parietal peritoneum, which attaches to the abdominal and pelvic walls. The inner visceral layer wraps around the internal organs located inside the intraperitoneal space

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79
Q

Which of the following organs are intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal?

A
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80
Q

Where does the greater sac extend to vertically?

A

From the diaphragm to the pelvic cavity

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81
Q

What are the boundaries of the greater sac?

A
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82
Q

What are the boundaries of the lesser sac?

A

Anterior wall= liver, lesser omentum, stomach, greater omentum (anterior 2 layers)
Posterior wall= Peritoneal that covers structures that form the stomach bed, transverse mesocolon, transverse colon and greater omentum

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83
Q

What structures form the stomach bed?

A
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84
Q

What is the only opening to the lesser sac?

A

The epiploic foramen

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85
Q

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

A

Superiorly= liver
Inferiorly= 1st inch of the duodenum
Posteriorly and anteriorly:

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86
Q

Where is the lesser and greater omentum located?

A

Lesser= a fold of peritoneum extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and 1st inch of duodenum.
Greater= is a peritoneal fold extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon folded up on itself.

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87
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

It is a sickle shaped fold of peritoneum connecting the anterior abdominal wall to the liver.

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88
Q

Where is the Gastrosplenic ligament located?

A

It is a peritoneal fold connecting the spleen to the stomach.
Part of lesser omentum

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89
Q

Where is the splenorenal ligament located?

A

It is a peritoneal fold connecting the left side kidney to the spleen.

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90
Q

Where is the mesentery located?

A

It is a fan-shaped peritoneal fold (formed of two layers) enclosing the free part of the small intestine.

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91
Q

Where is the sigmoid mesocolon located?

A

It is a peritoneal fold enclosing the sigmoid colon.

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92
Q

Where is the transverse mesocolon located?

A

It is a peritoneal fold enclosing the transverse colon

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93
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Mesoappendix: It is a triangular peritoneal fold enclosing the vermiform appendix

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94
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Transverse mesocolon

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95
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Top= mesentery
Bottom= sigmoid mesocolon

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96
Q

What are the different types of folds of peritoneum?

A
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97
Q

What is contained within the peritneal cavity?

A

It is a potential spce between parietal and visceral peritoneum
Contains peritoneal fluid which enables viscera to move against each other (for digestion and breathing)

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98
Q

What are the different parts of the mesentery?

A

Small intestine= just mesentery
Transverse mesocolon- to transverse colon and sigmoid mesocolon to sigmoid colon

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99
Q

What are the following labels?

A
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100
Q

What are the following labels?

A
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101
Q

What are the following labels?

A
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102
Q

What are the following labels?

A
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103
Q

Where is the opening to the lesser sac located?

A

Posterior to the free edge of the lesser omentum

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104
Q

Where is the gastrocolic ligament located?

A

Somach -> transverse colon
Apron-like part of greater omentum

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105
Q

What are the different ligaments labeled?

A
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106
Q

What can the peritoneal spaces be split into?

A

Supracolic compartment- stomach, liver, spleen
Infracolic- small intestine, ascending, descending colon
The division is the transverse mesocolon and transverse colon

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107
Q

What is the root of the mesentery?

A

The ‘root’ of the mesentery is the point where the mesentery attaches to the posterior abdominal wall

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108
Q

What are the paracolic gutters?

A

Depressions in the gaps between haustra
Passage between supracolic & infracolic compartments
Spread of infection can occur

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109
Q

Where is the subphrenic recess?

A

A potential space between diaphragm and diaphragmatic surface of liver
Superior and anterior to liver
Falciform ligament seperates right and left spaces

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110
Q

Where is the hepatorenal recess?

A

Between liver and right kidney/suprarenal gland

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111
Q

Where is the hepatorenal recess?

A

Between liver and right kidney/suprarenal gland

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112
Q

When does the lesser omentum become the greater omentum?

A

Liver to stomach= lesser, then splits and encloses stomach and comes back together to form greater omentum
This then reflects back to enclose the transverse colon and becomes transverse mesocolon
The transverse mesocolon ascends and reaches the pancreas where it splits into an upper layer and a lower layer
The lower layer descends and a reflection to cover the jejunum and ileum- mesentery

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113
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

At the cricoid cartilage- C6

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114
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical (behind trachea)
Thoracic (runs in posterior mediastinum)
Adominal (after diaphragm)

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115
Q

Where are the natural constrictions in the oesophagus?

A
  1. Boundary between the pharynx and oesophagus
  2. When oesophagus is crossed by arch of aorta
  3. When oesophagus is compressed by left main bronchus
  4. Diapgragm
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116
Q

Where does the oesophagus become the abdominal oesophagus?

A

When it passes through the right crus of the diaphragm at T10

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117
Q

What attaches to the lesser and greater curve of the stomach?

A

Lesser=lesser omentum
Greater= greater omentum and gastrosplenic ligament

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118
Q

What are the following parts of the stomach?

A
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119
Q

What are the gastric rugae?

A

Longitudional folds directed towards the pylorus in the stomach
Allow the stomach to expand- dissapear during expansion

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120
Q

What are the different parts of the small intestine?

A

Pyloric orifice -> duodenum -> jejenum -> ileum -> ileocecal junction

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121
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior, descending, inferior and ascending
All arranged around the head of the pancreas

122
Q

What part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

Superior part

123
Q

Where is the division between foregut and midgut?

A
124
Q

What are the minor and major duodenal papilla?

A

Major papilla- main bile and pancreatic duct enters
Minor= accessory pancreatic duct
Descending duodenum

125
Q

Where is the division between the duodenum and jejenum and what happens there?

A

The duodenojejunal flexure- sharp bend
Where the small intestine becomes intraperitoneal

126
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Proximal 2/5 of intestine after duodenum

127
Q

What are the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?

A

Thicker wall and larger diameter= jejunum
Longer vasta recta
Jejunum= numerous folds on the inner lining called plicae circulares

128
Q

What is the vasta recta?

A

Arterial branches from superior mesenteric
They are straight venules and arterioles of the kidney. They supply blood by entering the medulla as straight arterioles, and then leaving the medulla as straight venules. The vasa recta lie close to Henle’s loop. They also form hairpin loops in the medulla.

129
Q

When does the jejunum become the ileum?

A

Not a distinct point where it becomes the ileum

130
Q

What do the plicae circulares look like?

A

These are the jejunum ones

131
Q

Where does the ileum terminate?

A

The ileocecal junction

132
Q

Where does the caecum sit?

A

The right iliac fossa

133
Q

How is the colon different from the small intestine?

A

Larger diameter
Has omental appendeices or fat tags which run along the length of the long bowel
Has Longitudinal muscle fibres- taenia coli. 3 bands of muscle and continuous from base of appendix
Has haustra or pouches

134
Q

What is the appendix?

A

A narrow, hollow, blind ended tube attached to base of cecum
Aggregations of lymphoid tissue in walls
Base is continuous with end of taeniae coli

135
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

Between umbilicus and anterior superior iliac line
where appendix is located

136
Q

Where does the midgut turn to the hindgut?

A

Midgut hindgut boundary = 2/3rds way along transverse colon

137
Q

What is the anatomy of the transverse colon?

A

Right and left colic flexure
Ascending, transverse, descending

138
Q

What is the transvere colon suspended by?

A

Suspended by transverse mesocolon

139
Q

What is the sigmoid colon and where does it run to and from?

A

S shaped structure suspended by sigmoid mesocolon
Runs from above pelvic inlet to S3

140
Q

What are the different flexures?

A

Superior, middle, inferior
They are transvere folds

141
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

The rectal ampulla is the dilated section of the rectum where feces are stored until they are eliminated via the anal canal

142
Q

Where does the rectosigmoid junction?

A

Starts at rectosigmoid junction

143
Q

What is the blood supply of the gut?

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

144
Q

What are the structures in the foregut, hindgut and midgut?

A
145
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that branch off the aorta and supply the gut and at what level do they branch off?

A

Celiac trunk to foregut; T12
Superior mesenteric artery to midgut; L1
Inferior mesenteric artery to hindgut; L3

146
Q

What are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

A

1 = Mucosa
2 = Submucosa
3 = Muscularis externa
4 = Adventitia

147
Q

What are the 3 layers of the oesophageal mucosa?

A

Consists of:
Epithelium
Lamina propria
- Contains vasculature and loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa
- Thin double layer of smooth muscle

148
Q

What is contained within the oesophageal submucosa?

A

Highly vascular
Contains oesophageal glands that secrete mucus

149
Q

What is contained within the oesophageal muscularis externa?

A

Top 1/3 = skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 = 1/2 skeletal + ½ smooth
Lower 1/3 = smooth muscle

150
Q

What are the following parts of the oesophageal layers?

A
151
Q

What are the 3 layers of the small intestine?

A

1= mucosa
2= submucosa
3= muscularis externa

152
Q

What features of the mucosa in the small intestine create a large surface area?

A

Large circular folds (plicae)
Smaller folds (villi)
Microvilli on epithelial lining

153
Q

What are the different layers of the muscularis externa in the small intestine?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal

154
Q

What does the small intestine epithelium consist of?

A

Tall columnar absorptive cells (enterocytes)
And goblet cells which secrete mucin

155
Q

What are the labels on the diagram of the small intestine epithelium?

A
156
Q

How does the mucosal layer of the large intestine differ from the small intestine?

A

There is deep crypts and no villi present
Lamina propria and submucosa are similar to small intestine

157
Q

What does the epithelial lining of the large intestine consist of?

A

Columnar absorptive cells
Many goblet cells
Endocrine cells
Basal stem cells

158
Q

What is this a histological image of?

A

The large intestine

159
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Supplies:
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
1st part of duodenum

160
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that arise from the celiac trunk?

A

Splenic= largest and runs along/in pancreas
Common hepatic= to liver
Left gastric= to stomach (meets with right gastric)

161
Q

What supplies the inferior surface of the stomach?

A

Splenic gives off left gastro-omental which joins up with right gastro-omental (from common hepatic) to provide for inferior stomach

162
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

The superior mesenteric artery
Supplies all GI tract between: duodenum (2nd part) to 2/3rds along transverse colon

163
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
164
Q

What supplies the blood to the hindgut?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery

165
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
166
Q

Where does the pharynx become continuous with the oesophagus?

A

At the lower border of the cricoid cartilage – C6

167
Q

Where are the sites of constriction in the oesophagus?

A
  1. Boundary between pharynx and oesophagus
  2. Where the arch of aorta crosses the oesophagus
  3. Where the left main bronchus crosses the oesophagus
  4. At the oesophageal hiatus
168
Q

Which structure protects against reflux of food back into the airways?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

169
Q

Which specialised feature of the stomach lining increases its surface area and allows for expansion?

A

Gastric rugae/ folds

170
Q

What arterial supply supplies the stomach?

A

Gastroduodenal from the right gastric
R gastroomental from the gastroduodenal
L gastro-omental from the splenic
Left gastric

171
Q

Where is the foregut-midgut boundary of the GI tract?

A

the foregut-midgut boundary is ½ along the descending part of the duodenum

172
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
173
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
174
Q

What are the openings for in the descending duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla – opening for common bile duct and major pancreatic duct
Minor duodenal papilla – opening for accessory pancreatic duct

175
Q

What is the surface mark for the appendix?

A

Surface landmark for appendix = McBurney’s point

176
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
177
Q

What are the 3 features of the large intestine that are different from the small intestine?

A
  1. Taeniae coli
  2. Haustra/sacculations
  3. Omental appendages/fat tags
178
Q

What structures lie near the right colic flexure?

A
  • Right kidney (posterior)
  • Liver (anterior)
179
Q

Which organ lies near the left colic flexure?

A

Spleen

180
Q

Which spaces lie lateral to the descending (and ascending) colons?

A

Paracolic gutters

181
Q

What are the missing labels?

A

At which level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta?

182
Q

What is this an image of and what are the layers?

A
183
Q

Which muscle type(s) form the muscularis externa layer of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 = skeletal; Middle 1/3 = skeletal/smooth; Lower 1/3 = smooth

184
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the oesophagus?

A
185
Q

What is this an image of and what are the lablels?

A

Small intestine

186
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Large intestine

187
Q

What are the cells on this close up of the large intestine epithelium?

A

Enterocytes= absorptive cells

188
Q

What is the liver covered by?

A

Visceral peritoneum

189
Q

What are the different ligaments connected to the liver?

A

The falciform ligament (contains the round ligament)
The coronary ligament
The triangular ligament

190
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
191
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
192
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
193
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
194
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
195
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
196
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
197
Q

What are the following labels?

A
198
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

The liver has a dual blood supply: the portal vein and the proper hepatic artery. Each divide to form primary and secondary branches to segments.
- Portal vein, nutrient-rich blood from digestive tract, 75 to 80% of blood volume to liver
- Proper hepatic artery, (celiac trunk via common hepatic artery) 20 to 25% of blood volume to liver

199
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
200
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
201
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
202
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
203
Q

What are the different parts of the pancreas?

A
204
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
205
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
206
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
207
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
208
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen superiorly?

A

Diaphragm

209
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen anteriorly?

A

Stomach

210
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen posteriorly?

A

Left kidney, ribs 10 and 11

211
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen inferiorly?

A

Left colic flexure

212
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen medially?

A

Pancreas

213
Q

What has an anatomical relationship with the spleen laterally?

A

Ribs 10 and 11, abdominal muscles

214
Q

What arteries are given off the celiac trunk?

A
  1. Common hepatic artery
    - Gastroduodenal artery (then to Superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (ant and post))
    * Right gastric artery
    * Hepatic artery proper (then to Cystic artery)
  2. Splenic artery
  3. Left gastric artery
215
Q

What arteries from the superior mesenteric supply the pancreas?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (ant and post)

216
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
217
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
218
Q

What vein drains blood from the liver?

A

IVC

219
Q

What vein drains blood from the spleen?

A

Splenic vein

220
Q

What vein drains blood from the gallbladder?

A

Cystic vein, a tributary of the portal vein

221
Q

What vein drains blood from the pancreas?

A

Tributies of the splenich vein

222
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
223
Q

What order (lateral to medial) do the compenents of the portal triad exit the liver?

A

Bile duct- vein- artery

224
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
225
Q

What are the structural units of the liver and what shape are they?

A

Lobules- hexagonal

226
Q

What is this an image of and what are the missing labels?

A
227
Q

What are the lighter and darker stained cells in a histology of a pancreas?

A

Lightly stained and consist of smaller cells. These are the Islets of Langerhans which are made up of
alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells

Darker stained= acinar
cells which produce enzymes such as protease, lipase and amylase.

228
Q

What is this an image of and what are the missing labels?

A

Pancreas

229
Q

What are the two types of pulp found in the spleen and how do they differ from each other?

A

There is densely stained clusters of larger cells. These surround arterial branches and are described as white pulp: they are made up of aggregates of lymphoid cells. Two types of white cell are found here: the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

The less-densely stained cells make up the red pulp.

230
Q

What are the missing labels and what is this an image of?

A
231
Q

What is the wall of the gallbladder made of?

A

Single layer of columnar epithelial cells
They make tiny folds – called rugae, or microvilli, lining the surface – they look like intestinal villi

232
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
233
Q

What are the different spaces around the liver?

A

Right and left subphrenic recess
Hepatorenal recess

234
Q

What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver, which limits the right subphrenic space?

A

Anterior / superior coronary ligament

235
Q

What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver, which limits the hepatorenal space?

A

Posterior / inferior coronary ligament

236
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
237
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
238
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
239
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
240
Q

What ligaments of the liver have one layer, and what have two?

A

the falciform ‘ligament’, double layer
attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
contains the round ligament in free edge ligamentum teres

the coronary and triangular ‘ligaments’ one layer
- between the liver and diaphragm -surround the bare area

241
Q

What are the 4 anatomical parts of the gallbladder?

A

fundus, the expanded distal end

body, the main portion

infundibulum between the body and neck

neck, the narrow distal segment that joins with the cystic duct

242
Q

Where does the main bile duct end?

A

It ends at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater), a dilation of the distal end of the duct, where it joins with the main pancreatic duct of the pancreas.

243
Q

Where does the main and accesorry pancreatic duct drain to?

A

drains into the descending part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

When present, an accessory pancreatic duct drains to the descending part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla

244
Q

What are the different ligaments that connect the spleen to other organs?

A

Splenorenal ligament contains the branches of the splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas, connects the spleen to the kidney.

Gastrosplenic ligament contains the short gastric and left gastro-omental vessels, connects the spleen to the stomach

245
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
246
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
247
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
248
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
249
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
250
Q

What is the semi lunar line?

A
251
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
252
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

The external iliac artery

253
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
254
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
255
Q

What is the pubic tubercle?

A
256
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
257
Q

Where is the mesoappendix?

A
258
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
259
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
260
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
261
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
262
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
263
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
264
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
265
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
266
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
267
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
268
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
269
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
270
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
271
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
272
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
273
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
274
Q
A
275
Q

What does subphrenic mean?

A

Sub= below
Phrenic= diaphragm

276
Q

What divides the left and right subphrenic spaces?

A

The falxiform ligament

277
Q

What are the missing labels? (liver is upside down)

A
278
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
279
Q

What is another word for the subhepatic space?

A

Hepatorenal space

280
Q

What are the missing labels of this liver histology?

A
281
Q

What are the missing labels of this liver histology?

A
282
Q

What are the missing labels of this liver histology?

A
283
Q

What are the missing labels of this pancreas histology?

A
284
Q

What are the missing labels of this pancreas histology?

A
285
Q

What are the missing labels of this gallbladder histology?

A
286
Q

What are the missing labels of this gallbladder histology?

A
287
Q

What are the missing labels of this spleen histology?

A
288
Q

What are the missing labels of this spleen histology?

A
289
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
290
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
291
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
292
Q

What are the missing labels on this oesophagus histology?

A
293
Q

What are the missing labels on this oesophagus histology?

A
294
Q

What are the missing labels of this small intestine histology?

A
295
Q

What are the missing labels of this small intestine histology?

A
296
Q

What are the missing labels of this small intestine histology?

A
297
Q

What are the missing labels of this small intestine histology?

A
298
Q

What are the missing labels of this large intestine histology?

A
299
Q

What are the different layers of the large intestine?

A
300
Q

What are the missing labels of this small intestine histology?

A

Sem 2 Year 2 (16 decks)

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