Endocrine anatomy Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Where is the pituitary gland located?
A
The pituitary gland is located in a depression of the sphenoid bone known as the hypophyseal or pituitary fossa
2
Q
What covers the pituitary fossa?
A
A shelf of dura known as the sellar diaphragm
3
Q
What structure passes through the sellar diaphragm and connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain?
A
The infundibulum, or pituitary stalk
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Q
What are the missing labels?
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Q
What are the missing labels?
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6
Q
What are the magnocellular neurones?
A
Magnocellular neurons (MCN) are neuroendocrine cells located in the hypothalamus; they are among the largest cells in the brain, and synthesise the hormones arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT)
7
Q
Where are the cell bodies, axons and synapses of the magnocellular neurons located?
A
- Cell bodies: Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
- Axons: Travel in the pituitary stalk
- Synapses: Posterior Pituitary
8
Q
Where do the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin specifically originate from?
A
Oxytocin- from the cells which originate from the PVN
Vasopressin- from the cells which originate from the SON
9
Q
What hormones are made in the anterior pituitary?
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, prolactin.
10
Q
How is the release of anterior pituitary hormones controlled?
A
Inhibitory and releasing hormones are made in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary in a system of small blood vessels known as the pituitary portal system.
11
Q
What structure is located immediately below the pituitary fossa?
A
The sphenoid sinus
12
Q
What are the missing labels on this x-ray?
A
13
Q
Where is the pituitary gland located?
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What are the missing labels?
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15
Q
What are the different parts of the thyroid gland?
A
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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19
Q
What nerve do the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves both originate from?
A
The vagus (CN-X)
20
Q
What hormone(s) are released by the thyroid gland and how is the release of these controlled?
A
T3, T4, Calcitonin
The release of thyroid simulating hormone from the anterior pituitary controls the release of these
21
Q
Where would you expect to find the parathyroid glands and what hormone do these produce?
A
On the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland- parathyroid hormone
22
Q
What nerve is vulnerable to damage during thyroid surgery?
A
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
23
Q
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
A
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory information below the vocal folds, and innervates all but one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, including cricoarytenoid, the only muscle to abduct the vocal folds
24
Q
Where the thyroid gland recieve its blood supply from?
A
The superior thyroid artery (STA) arising from the external carotid artery (ECA), and the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) branching from the thyrocervical trunk which is a branch of the subclavian
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What are the missing labels?
26
Which veins do the thyroid veins drain in to?
- Superior and middle thyroid veins – to internal jugular vein
- Inferior thyroid veins – to the brachiocephalic veins.
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What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
Primarily branches from the inferior thyroid arteries, collateral supply from superior thyroid arteries.
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
31
What is the exocrine role of the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes which are secreted into the duodenum
32
The pancreas has an endocrine role. What hormones does it produce?
Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
33
What arteries does the pancreas recieve its blood supply from?
From the celiac trunk:
- Splenic artery (which gives rise to the great pancreatic artery)
- Common Hepatic artery, which gives rise to the gastroduodenal, which in turn gives rise to the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
From the Superior Mesenteric
- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the area between the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes that is void of any cells?
Notice that between these two parts there is an area which is devoid of any cellular elements – it forms a cleft between the two lobes. This is the pars intermedia, which is poorly developed in humans and a remnant of Rathke’s pouch from which the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland was formed.
39
What are the missing labels (pituitary gland)?
40
What are the differences between the chromophobes and chromophils in the anterior pituitary gland?
In the anterior pituitary, notice the glandular cells – chromophils which are split into acidophils and basophils (stain strongly due to the presence of secretory granules) and chromophobes (lack stainable cytoplasmic secretory granules)
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What do acidophils, basophils and chromophobes look like in histology?
42
What are the missing labels in this histology of the pancreas?
43
What does a pancreatic islet look like in histology?
A high magnification of a pancreatic islet surrounded by acinar cells:
44
What is the function of the cells labelled b (parathyroid gland)?
Chief cell or principle cell
To secrete parathyroid hormone
To regulate blood calcium levels
45
What are the different cells in this hyroid gland?
F= follicle
S= septa
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What are the missing labels on this parathyroid gland?
47
What does a thyroid follicle look like at high magnification?
C: Coloid (stored thyroglobin)
Note the ring a of single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells around the periphery of the follicle
48
What are the red and blue circles?
Red= pituitary/hypophyseal fossa
Blue= sphenoid sinus
49
What are Herring bodies and what do they look like?
Herring bodies- end of axons from hypothalamus in posterior pituitary -where hormone is released from
50
What is the blood supply to the pituitary?
Pituitary gets blood supply from superior and inferior hypophyseal artery (branches of the internal carotid artery)
51
What vessel does the right renal artery pass behind?
IVC
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What vessel does the left renal vein pass in front of?
Aorta
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What vessel does the left renal vein pass under?
Superior mesenteric artery
54
What is nutcracker syndrome and what is the clinical presentation of it?
Compression of the left renal vein between the SMA and aorta is called nutcracker syndrome. This commonly presents as haematuria due to a renal venous hypertension, resulting in rupture of the thin walled veins in the collecting duct.
55
Which kidney is lower?
Right is lower than left due to its relationship with the liver.
56
What ribs protect the kidney?
Left is posteriorly protected by ribs 11 and 12, right only has a relationship with rib 12.
57
In histology, what are the differences between the proximal and distal tubules?
Distal tubules are lighter staining as they contain fewer vesicles and mitochondria than proximal tubules.
Lumen of distal tubule appears larger due to the presence of fewer microvilli
58
What cells of the kidney have an endocrine function and what is their function?
Juxtaglomerular cells – produce renin
Macula densa – sensitive to sodium in the filtrate
Extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells – contain renin
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What hormone is produced at the juxtoglomerular apparatus?
Renin, produced in response to low sodium chloride
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What vertebrae level do the kidneys sit at?
T12-L3
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What is the entrence and exit point for vessels of the kidney?
The hilum
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What are the missing labels?
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What are proximal and what are distal tubules?
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Where are the adrenal/suprarenal glands located?
Superior to the kidneys
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Where does the adrenal gland get its blood supply from?
The superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries
Superior= from inferior phrenic artery
Middle= abdominal aorta
Inferior= renal artery
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Where do the inferior phrenic arteries arise from?
The inferior phrenic arteries (IPAs) are paired branches of the abdominal aorta/celiac trunk supplying the diaphragm
Arise from AA above coeliac axis
69
What is the difference between left and right sides in the venous drainage pattern of the adrenal glands?
One single adrenal vein drains into the IVC- right
A collection of adrenal veins drain into the inferior phrenic and renal veins- left
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What are the different areas of the adrenal gland seen on histology?
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What is the missing information from this table?
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What ligaments are involved in the the ovary?
- Broad ligament – a sheet of peritoneum, associated with both the uterus and ovaries.
- Uterine ligaments – ligaments primarily associated with the uterus.
- Ovarian ligaments – ligaments primary associated with the ovaries.
77
What is the broad ligament?
The broad ligament is a flat sheet of peritoneum, associated with the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It extends from the lateral pelvic walls on both sides, and folds over the internal female genitalia, covering their surface anteriorly and posteriorly.
78
Where is the ovarian ligament?
The ovarian ligament is attached to the ovary inferiorly. It connects the ovary to the side of the uterus. Structurally, it is a fibrous band of tissue that lies within the broad ligament. It joins the uterus just below the origin of the fallopian tubes.
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What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
The suspensory ligament of ovary extends outwards from the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall.
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What ovarian ligament contains the ovarian vessels and nerves (ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels)?
The suspensory ligament of the ovary
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels of this histology of a ovary?
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What are the missing labels of a female pelvic area?
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What are the missing labels of this female pelvic area?
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What hormones do the corpus luteum and mature follicle produce?
Mature follicle - Oestrogen
Corpus luteum – Progesterone
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Where does the testicular artery come from and where does the testicular vein drain from?
96
What hormone do leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
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What are the missing labels?
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99
What level of the aorta does the testes branch from?
L2
100
Where do the left and right gonadal veins drain into?
Is asymmetrical, left gonadal vein- left renal vein and right testicular= IVC
(same in males and females)
101
What does the ovarian artery run within?
The suspensory ligament
102
What are the missing labels?
103
What is the uterine artery a branch of?
Internal iliac artery
104
Where does blood from the uterine vein drain into?
Internal iliac vein
105
What hormones are being released in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
FSH (anterior pituitary) and oestrogen from mature follicles
106
What hormones are being released in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen from mature follicles
Progesterone
107
What are the two stages of the menstrual cycle in the endometrium and what features of the endometrium indicate this?
Proliferative:
o Restricted blood vessels
o Thin endometrial wall
o Flat luminal surface
Secretory:
o Thickening of functional layer
o Coiling of glands
o Some saw-toothed glands
108
How does the histology of the endomeitrium change throughout the menstrual cycle?
109
What are the differeng stages of the menstrual cycle seen below?
110
What are the missing labels on this histology of the uterus?
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What are the missing labels on this histology of the uterus?
112
What phase of the menstrual cycle is this? (uterus)
Menstrual phase
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What phase of the menstrual cycle is this? (uterus)
Proliferative
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What phase of the menstrual cycle is this? (uterus)
Secretory
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What are the missing labels on this histology of the uterus?
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119
What are the unique features of the maternal and foetal surfaces of the placenta?
Foetal surface is smooth and covered by the chorion. The maternal surface is rough containing a very thin layer of decidua which is of maternal origin and derived from the endometrium.
120
What is the outermost layer of foetal cells that completely surrounds the foetus and ALL foetally-derived tissues, and lies adjacent to the maternal tissue?
The chorion – an outer layer formed by trophoblasts and an inner layer formed by somatic mesoderm.
121
After approximately 8 weeks, the placenta takes over the production of which hormone from the corpus luteum and why is it important?
Progesterone- maintains the secretory phase and promotes blood vessel and tissue development – this is important to sustain the embryo.
Progesterone also acts on the myometrium to inhibit uterine contractions which might otherwise expel the embryo.
122
Which hormone do trophoblast cells secrete in the first few weeks of pregnancy and what does this hormone do?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
hCG is an analogue of pituitary LH and maintains the function of the corpus luteum during the first few weeks of pregnancy
123
What are the main functions of the placenta?
o Placental transfer: passes nutrients and O2 to foetus, removes waste produces (e.g. urea) to the mother
o Protection from maternal immune system: it inhibits, for example, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and secretes immunosuppressors (e.g. progesterone, cytokines and chemokines)
o It is also an endocrine organ – produces human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and progesterone.
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What does the placenta look like?
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Which side is maternal and which is foetal?
