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Immunology > Literally just memorization for final > Flashcards

Literally just memorization for final Flashcards

1
Q

Th1Helper cells release what

A

Release TNF, IFN-y, IL-2

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2
Q

TNF function

A

activate macrophages

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3
Q

IFN-Y function

A

Stimulate macrophages

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4
Q

IL-2 function

A

Promote NK cell activity

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5
Q

Which IL’s do Th2 helper T cells release

A

IL-4, IL- 5, IL- 13

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6
Q

IL-4 function

A

Class switching on B cells–> IgE (Parasites)

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7
Q

IL-5 function

A

Class switching to IgA

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8
Q

Which interluken stimulates IgA production

A

IL-5

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9
Q

Which interluken stimulates IgE production

A

IL-4

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10
Q

Which interlukin is the signature cytokine

A

IL-17

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11
Q

IF you have an IL-17 defect, what occurs clinically?

A

fungi infection

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12
Q

Which ILs does TH17 release

A

IL-17, IL-21, IL-23

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13
Q

Which Th is associated with hypersensetivity type 4

A

TH1 and TH17

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14
Q

Which Th is associated with hypersensitivity type 1-3

A

TH2

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15
Q

How do CT lymphocytes kill

A

release perforin and granzyme B

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16
Q

Follicular dendritic cells produce what factor

A

CXCL13

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17
Q

What does CCR7 do

A

Drives the naive b cell ( Via CCL19/21) towards the region of Lymph Node where B and Th cells interact

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18
Q

IgA is a form of what immunity when passed down thorugh breast milk

With Which disease should patients NOT breastfeed?

A

Passive immunity
Pts with SCID should NOT breastfeed because they could get a virus from the milk.

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19
Q

What types of antigens can MHC1 and MHC2 present

A

Proteins and nucleic acids

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20
Q

Which MHC attacks intracellular vs extracellular

A

MHC1 attacks intracellular, MHC2 attacks extracellular

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21
Q

What protein is on APCs that interact with Virgin T helper cells CD28?

A

B7

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22
Q

Is the CD40 on the b cell or T cell

A

B cell has CD40, T cell has CD40L

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23
Q

Neutrophils are especially important for defense against

A

Bacteria

24
Q

Neutrophils are part of which immune system

A

Innate

25
Q

Where are neutrophils “born”?

A

Bone marrow

26
Q

Which of the following is true about how neutrophils “end” their life?

A

A neutrophil is able to engulf and kill bacteria and subsequently die via apoptosis

27
Q

What is the primary medical problem that people with neutropenia encounter?

A

Increased risk of serious infection

28
Q

Which of the following is true about a patient with SCN?

A

SCN: problem in Neutrophil Differentiation, lack mature neutrophils to fight bacteria.

A bone marrow biopsy can provide support for the diagnosis of SCN showing problems with maturation of myelocytes.

29
Q

In this case, the neutropenia was caused by a mutation in the ELANE gene. This mutation was:

A

Recessive

30
Q

What is true about treatment with rhG-CSF for SCN?

A

-Treatment requires daily injections to increase and maintain neutrophil counts.

-Treatment can reduce the risk of developing severe infections

-Patients who fail to respond to rhG-CSF may require stem-cell transplantation

31
Q

Where do pathogens go that enter the body via the gastrointestinal tract?
What about the blood?

A

Lymph nodes if in GI tract

Spleen if in blood

32
Q

What are the two functions of the spleen?

A

Filtering blood and producing antibodies

33
Q

There are two main “flags” by which phagocytes recognize pathogens that are the direct result of immune system activation. What are these “flags”?

A

Antibodies and complement proteins

34
Q

What two bacterial infections are most common in people with asplenia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae

35
Q

What long-term treatments are recommended for asplenia?

A

Immunization and prophylactic antibiotics

36
Q

A patient with X-linked Agammaglobulinema patient was most susceptible to what types of infections?

A

Extracellular bacteria

37
Q

What is NOT a function of antibodies in respect to T cells

A

Increase T cell proliferation

38
Q

Which of the following best describes an opportunistic infection?

A

An infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised, allowing normally harmless microbes to cause disease.

39
Q

What is the result of a mutation in the AID gene

A

-Hyper IgM syndrome

-Deficiency in IgG, IgA and IgE

-Reduced ability for B cells to carry out class-switch recombination

40
Q

How is Hyper IgM syndrome inherited

A

via an autosome or sex chromosome

41
Q

What is the primary function of integrins in leukocytes?

A

Facilitating cell migration to infection sites

42
Q

What is most characteristic of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)?

A

Elevated white blood cell count

43
Q

Why do children with LAD experience delayed wound healing, such as delayed umbilical cord separation?

A

Impaired neutrophil and monocyte migration to the wound site

44
Q

How do patients with LAD typically present in terms of susceptibility to infections?

A

B) They have recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections

45
Q

What is a common oral manifestation of LAD in surviving patients?

A

B) Severe Gingivitis

46
Q

What finding on a newborn exam would concern you for LAD?

A

D. Umbilical cord separation delay

47
Q

How is SCID inherited

A

X-linked

48
Q

What do you NOT give patients with SCID

A

Live vaccines (MMR, rotavirus, varicilla)

49
Q

How are SCID patients screened at birth

A

Measurement of TRECs is a way to measure thymopoiesis as TRECs are produced during the maturation process of T lymphocytes.

50
Q

What types of cells are in normal numbers in a patient’s blood who has SCID

A

B cells

51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Allergic Asthma

A

Type 1

52
Q

Which cell types are involved in asthma?

A

CD4+ Th2 cells
Mast cells
Eosinophils

53
Q

Which compounds cause the late-phase of an allergic reaction? (Choose ALL that apply)

A

Leukotrienes
Cytokines
Eosinophil products

54
Q

What transcription factor do Tregs require for development

A

FOXp3

55
Q

What happens if FOXp3 is not expressed

A

no Treg activation

56
Q
A

Immunology (9 decks)

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