Literally just memorization for final Flashcards
Th1Helper cells release what
Release TNF, IFN-y, IL-2
TNF function
activate macrophages
IFN-Y function
Stimulate macrophages
IL-2 function
Promote NK cell activity
Which IL’s do Th2 helper T cells release
IL-4, IL- 5, IL- 13
IL-4 function
Class switching on B cells–> IgE (Parasites)
IL-5 function
Class switching to IgA
Which interluken stimulates IgA production
IL-5
Which interluken stimulates IgE production
IL-4
Which interlukin is the signature cytokine
IL-17
IF you have an IL-17 defect, what occurs clinically?
fungi infection
Which ILs does TH17 release
IL-17, IL-21, IL-23
Which Th is associated with hypersensetivity type 4
TH1 and TH17
Which Th is associated with hypersensitivity type 1-3
TH2
How do CT lymphocytes kill
release perforin and granzyme B
Follicular dendritic cells produce what factor
CXCL13
What does CCR7 do
Drives the naive b cell ( Via CCL19/21) towards the region of Lymph Node where B and Th cells interact
IgA is a form of what immunity when passed down thorugh breast milk
With Which disease should patients NOT breastfeed?
Passive immunity
Pts with SCID should NOT breastfeed because they could get a virus from the milk.
What types of antigens can MHC1 and MHC2 present
Proteins and nucleic acids
Which MHC attacks intracellular vs extracellular
MHC1 attacks intracellular, MHC2 attacks extracellular
What protein is on APCs that interact with Virgin T helper cells CD28?
B7
Is the CD40 on the b cell or T cell
B cell has CD40, T cell has CD40L
Neutrophils are especially important for defense against
Bacteria
Neutrophils are part of which immune system
Innate
Where are neutrophils “born”?
Bone marrow
Which of the following is true about how neutrophils “end” their life?
A neutrophil is able to engulf and kill bacteria and subsequently die via apoptosis
What is the primary medical problem that people with neutropenia encounter?
Increased risk of serious infection
Which of the following is true about a patient with SCN?
SCN: problem in Neutrophil Differentiation, lack mature neutrophils to fight bacteria.
A bone marrow biopsy can provide support for the diagnosis of SCN showing problems with maturation of myelocytes.
In this case, the neutropenia was caused by a mutation in the ELANE gene. This mutation was:
Recessive
What is true about treatment with rhG-CSF for SCN?
-Treatment requires daily injections to increase and maintain neutrophil counts.
-Treatment can reduce the risk of developing severe infections
-Patients who fail to respond to rhG-CSF may require stem-cell transplantation
Where do pathogens go that enter the body via the gastrointestinal tract?
What about the blood?
Lymph nodes if in GI tract
Spleen if in blood
What are the two functions of the spleen?
Filtering blood and producing antibodies
There are two main “flags” by which phagocytes recognize pathogens that are the direct result of immune system activation. What are these “flags”?
Antibodies and complement proteins
What two bacterial infections are most common in people with asplenia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
What long-term treatments are recommended for asplenia?
Immunization and prophylactic antibiotics
A patient with X-linked Agammaglobulinema patient was most susceptible to what types of infections?
Extracellular bacteria
What is NOT a function of antibodies in respect to T cells
Increase T cell proliferation
Which of the following best describes an opportunistic infection?
An infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised, allowing normally harmless microbes to cause disease.
What is the result of a mutation in the AID gene
-Hyper IgM syndrome
-Deficiency in IgG, IgA and IgE
-Reduced ability for B cells to carry out class-switch recombination
How is Hyper IgM syndrome inherited
via an autosome or sex chromosome
What is the primary function of integrins in leukocytes?
Facilitating cell migration to infection sites
What is most characteristic of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)?
Elevated white blood cell count
Why do children with LAD experience delayed wound healing, such as delayed umbilical cord separation?
Impaired neutrophil and monocyte migration to the wound site
How do patients with LAD typically present in terms of susceptibility to infections?
B) They have recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections
What is a common oral manifestation of LAD in surviving patients?
B) Severe Gingivitis
What finding on a newborn exam would concern you for LAD?
D. Umbilical cord separation delay
How is SCID inherited
X-linked
What do you NOT give patients with SCID
Live vaccines (MMR, rotavirus, varicilla)
How are SCID patients screened at birth
Measurement of TRECs is a way to measure thymopoiesis as TRECs are produced during the maturation process of T lymphocytes.
What types of cells are in normal numbers in a patient’s blood who has SCID
B cells
What type of hypersensitivity is Allergic Asthma
Type 1
Which cell types are involved in asthma?
CD4+ Th2 cells
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Which compounds cause the late-phase of an allergic reaction? (Choose ALL that apply)
Leukotrienes
Cytokines
Eosinophil products
What transcription factor do Tregs require for development
FOXp3
What happens if FOXp3 is not expressed
no Treg activation
