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Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Does the innate immune response occur over hours to days or days to weeks?

A

Hours to days, very quickly before adaptive immune responses develop

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2
Q

Are innate immunity responses mechanisms in place before or after an infection occurs?

A

They are mechanisms in place before the infection occurs.

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3
Q

Do innate immunity responses change with repeated exposure to microbes?

A

They do not change

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4
Q

Describe PAMPS

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They are structures that simulate innate immunity

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5
Q

What are DAMPS

A

Damage-associated molecular patterns. They are molecules produced by or released from damaged and dying cells

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6
Q

Are PAMPS and DAMPS part of the innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate

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7
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers in the innate immune system?

A

Epithelium, antimicrobial chemicals, lysozome in sweat, lactic acid in vagina, HCl in stomach)

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8
Q

List 4 cells in the innate immune response

A

Phagocytic cells, dendritic cell, mast cells, NK cells

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9
Q

Are Phagocytic cells, dendritic cell, mast cells, NK cells part of Innate immunity or Adaptive?

A

Innate imunity

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10
Q

is the compliment system part of the innate or adaptive immune response

A

innate

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11
Q

Does the adaptive immune response occur over hours to days or days to weeks?

A

days to weeks, slower onset

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12
Q

Does the innate or adaptive immune system respond first

A

innate is faster, adaptive is slower

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes that the adaptive immune system is known for

A

T and B lymphocytes

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14
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

lymphocytes with unique receptors are activated by epitomes on antigens

Simply, when an antigen enters the body, a single B and T cells reproduce with specific receptors to recognize that specific antigen

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15
Q

What is an epitome? Which system is it part of?

A
  1. The part of antigens that is recognized by a lymphocyte receptor
  2. Adaptive
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16
Q

Describe how the adaptive immune system is diverse, has memory and is systemic

A

-The immune system is diverse because each lymphocyte clone has a distinct antigen receptor.
-It has memory because, after the exposure to an antigen, the immune system has memory cells that respond to next exposures
-It is systemic because you can have an infection in one area of the body that moves to all systems

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17
Q

Are adaptive immune system responses positive or negative feedback loops

A

Positive: They amplify the reaction to a response, but there are control mechanisms to balance the response

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Humoral: antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes defends against microbes and toxins
  2. Cell-mediated: Mediated by T lymphocytes, destroy microbes that survive inside phagocytes
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19
Q

What is the main cell in humoral immunity

A

antibodies, produced by b-lymphocytes

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20
Q

What is the main cell in cell-mediated immunity

A

T-lymphocytes

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21
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place

A

in the bone marrow

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22
Q

What are the options that hematopoietic stem cells can turn into

A

Common lymphoid precursor or common myeloid precursor

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23
Q

What do common lymphoid precursor cells turn into

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

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24
Q

What do common myeloid precursor cells turn into

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macropages/dendritic cells, platlets

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25
Q

What is a neutrophil classified as and what does it arise from

A

a white blood cell, comes from a common myeloid precursor cell.

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26
Q

What is a neutrophil’s major function?

A

Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

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27
Q

What is a neutrophil’s life span in tissues

A

1-2 days

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28
Q

What is an effector cell

A

a cell that is actively participating in killing invadors in the immune system

29
Q

What cell is an oxidative burst associated with

A

neutrophils

30
Q

What are the values for neutropenia?

A

Mild <1500
Moderate <1000
Severe <500
All in ANC (absolute neutrophil count)

31
Q

What does neutropenia cause a predisposition for

A

severe bacterial infections, ulcers, absesses, gingivitis

32
Q

Where do macrophages arise from

A

Common myeloid precursors which differentiate into monocytes (1 nucleus). They circle the bloodstream and then turn into macrophages

33
Q

When do macrophages become activated

A

in response to an infection

34
Q

How do macrophages kill pathogens

A

by phagocytosis and eliminating dead host cells

35
Q

What can a macrophage act as?

A

an APC (antigen-presenting cell).
Macrophages can ingest and breakdown an invader, display it on their cell surface, and show it to T-lymphocytes to see a pathogen

36
Q

What are tissue resident macrophages derived from

A

yokl sac or fetal liver precursors during fetal development

37
Q

What are some of the special kinds of macrophages around the body?

A

Kupffer cells in liver
alveolar macrophages in lung
microgleal cells in brain

38
Q

What are sentinel cells

A

ditect microbes and secrete cytokines to initiate and amplify immune responses

39
Q

What is the most important APC

A

dendrites- capture microbial proteins at infection and bring to lymph nodes, present t cells to initiate adaptive immune response

40
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

circulate in the blood until recruited into tissues
White Blood cells- respond to infections

41
Q

Where are eosinophils found

A

Blood, tissues, GI/GU tracts

42
Q

What is eosinophils MOA to kill parasites

A

contain enzymes that are harmful to cell walls of parasites, release contents of granules after binding to a parasite

43
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

tissues, usually by small blood vessils or nerves

44
Q

What does a mast cell do when activated

A

release potent inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators. They do not phagocytize, they degranulate

45
Q

What cell receptor does mast cells have that is very important in allergies

A

IgE receptor that binds to antibodies

46
Q

What are basophils and what are they similar to

A

Circulating granulocytes, express IgE, similar to mast cells. Only small impact

47
Q

Why dont we see mast cells or macrophages in the blood stream

A

They are tissue residents, not circulating in the blood stream.

48
Q

What happens when a monocyte enters the tissue?

A

It turns into a macrophage

49
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

50
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

in the Thymus

51
Q

What do you call mature T and B lymphocytes that haven’t encountered an antigen?

A

naieve lymphocytes

52
Q

When does clonal expansion occur, and what is this an example of?

A

when T and B lymphocytes are exposed to an antigen. An example of diversity, where they have different expansion to pathogens

53
Q

What are the different jobs of effector cells and memory cells?

A

Effector cells eliminate the antigen and memory cells help have quicker responses to future infections

54
Q

What do CD4 cells turn into

A

Helper T cells (secrete cytokines, stimulate other immune cells)

55
Q

What do CD8 cells turn into

A

directly kill infected cells

56
Q

What do regulatory t cells do

A

supress and regulate immune response, maintain self-tolerance

57
Q

What do memory T cells do

A

remain in a cycling state, rapidly responding to future exposures

58
Q

What do effector B cells do

A

release antibodies that bind to pathogens or foreign substances, neutralizing them

59
Q

What do memory B cells do

A

memory cells that give long term immunity by responding to future exposure to same antigen

60
Q

What are 3 phagocytic cells

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells(but usually not dendritic)

61
Q

What are sentnel cell examples?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
- Tissue residents waiting for microbe to enter to kill

62
Q

What are 3 examples of granulocytes

A

-Contain granuel contents that kill invadors or pathogens
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Mast cells

63
Q

Which cells have lymphocyte lineage

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

64
Q

Name 3 APC’s

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

65
Q

How does the compliment system respond to infection

A

Blood proteins that are activated on microbial surfaces, tagging them for destruction by phagocytes (opsonization)

66
Q

What is the main function of the compliment system

A

Promote phagocytosis of microbes, stimulate inflammation, and induce lysis of microbes

67
Q

How do you differentiate between T and B cells?

A

You can’t use a microscope- Use Flow Cytometry to differentiate

68
Q

In an infection, do neutrophil counts in blood go up or down

A

up- increases because neutrophils go to site of infection

69
Q
A

Immunology (9 decks)

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