Lipoproteins, Lipids Week 2 Flashcards
Lists the types of lipids (8)
- Fatty Acids (r-COOH)
- Triglycerides- esters of 3 fatty
- Phospholglycerides
- Sphinolipids (sphingosin containing lipids)
- Steroids- contains sterol group (cholesterol, bile)
- Fat Soluble vitamins - DEKA
- Eicosanoids- prostagladins
- Ketone bodies- short lipids prodcued during fasting
Fatty acids
R-COOH
Most abundant in the body- often as troglycerides which can be stored. Fatty acids (and triglycerides) mostly taken up by food or stored away to be used for energy, while most other lipids are not for that purpose.
Part of many other types of lipids
Chemical nature of lipids
Most are hydrophobic and at best they are amphipatic (mainly hydrophobic with little hydrophillic nature- like phospholipid byayer of membrane)
Most lipids contain fatty acis and are stored as triacylglycerols
Function of lipids
- storing energy,
- providing a nonpolar surface (cell membrane)
- supporting lung alveolar integrity (surfactant)
- solubilizing nonpolar substances in body fluids
- serving as hormones with highly potent and specific physiologic roles in control of metabolic processes
Sources of lipids
Dietary: triacylglycerol, short- and medium chain fatty acids, cholesterol ester, phospholipids, lipid-soluble vitamins (DEKA can be hard to excrete excessive stroage in liver can cause probs)
Synthesized by liver: triacylglycerols, cholesterol, bile acids and salts, phospholipids, ketone bodies
Synthesized by some other cells: phospholipids, eicosanoids, cholesterol derivatives (examples: immune cells, specialized glads, etc)
What composes the majority of dietary fat?
How are they present in the body?
TAGs, Choleterol, cholesterol ester, phospholipids.
Because they are water insoluble, they are present as fat droplet-water emulsion
First step in digestion of fats is where and with what?
Who’s this particularrly important for?
In the stomach where acid-stable lipase (both linguall and gastric origin) makes TAGS into short and medium FA side chains.
IMportant in newborns and people with pancreatic insufficiency because fatty acids are much easier to handle by GI system and cells
What happens with lipids digestion in the SI
What enters the SI is mainly unchanged except some FA have been liberated. Here lipids are emulsified by bile salds and peristalis.
What is bile? Structure function?
Bile is a choleterol derivative made in liver, stored in gallbladder and is surfactant that solubulize fatty acids and monoglycerides, cholesterol, dietary lysophospholipids and fat-soluble vitamins and form mixed micelles
Enzymes of digestion from the pancreas and their functions
- Pancreatic lipase- TAGs digestion- anchored to fat by colipase and cleaves TAG into two fatty acids (2-monoglycerides)
- Cholesterold esters are digested by cholesterol esterase
- Phospholipids digested by phospholipase A2 which cleaves off one fatty acid making lysophospholipids which is further degraded by 4. lysopholipase
What happens to bile at the ileum
They are reabsorbed, return to the liver and participate in cycles of micelle formation.
Dicuss lipid absorption- transporters? Formation of the lipids?
The micelles transport these lipids (2-monoacylglycerol, cholesterol and glycerylphosphoryl base) to the surface of the enterocytes where the micelles disaggregate and lipids enter the cells mainly by passive diffusion.
Absorption of
long-chain fatty acids is enhanced by a transporter (FATP4) and that of cholesterol by a channel (NPC1L1). SHort and medium FAs don’t need any transporter and on the other they can directly do to portol blood by binding to albumin– this is good because it’s ready made source of energy (hence why they are good for babies). Other classes are apolar so make a bubble (like chylomicron) which have to go through lymphatics and then venous before they reach the body.
However, sterols can be pumped out of the cells by an ABC transporter, thus only 30-40% of cholesterol is absorbed.
What are chylomicrons and where are they formed?
TAGs are resynthezisex from FAs in the ER OF MUCOSAL CELLS and cholesterol is reesterified with fatty acids– then they are collectively packaged into lipoproteins called chylomicrons which go into the lymphatic system (through thoracic duct) and then the systemic venous system.
Remnants of chylomicron are taken up by the liver after the needed part has been delivered to peripheral organs.
Regulation of digestion
Secretion of enzymes stimulated by food, CCK and secretin
Secretin- producd by endocrine cells of the duodenal wall and stimulate bicarb release
CCK- release dby endocrine cells of duodenum and act on acinar cells and cause gallbladder to release bile
Secretin function
produced by endocrine cells of the duodenal wall, stimulates bicarbonate
secretion by ductule epithelial cells of the pancreas.
CCK function
also released by endocrine cells of the duodenum, acts on acinar
cells of the pancreas to stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and causes the gallbladder to contract and deliver bile into the duct.
Define steatorrhea and possible causes.
Fat absorption and digestion disorder resuling in lipids in feces.
Possible causes
- problem with bile salt synthesis/secretion,
pancreatic problems - defective absorption by enterocytes.
Interorgan transport of lipids
- Adipose tissue= TAGs stored–this is realeased as FA when energy is needed and hormonal trigger. THe glycerol produced from the hydrolyssi of TAG goes to the liver for energy or gluconeogenosis (FA bound to albumin)
- Blood/intestine- intestine have chylomicron that can appear in blood after eating a fatty meal
- LIver- place to synthesize a lot of lipids and can enter the blood stream by VLDL and that goes to the peripheral cells
Where are lipoproteins made? Structure?
Synthesized in the liver and intestine
They are a heterogenous group of lipid-protein complexes that solubulize fats for transportation in blood. And carry fats to and from tissues
single layer phospholipds- polar to outside and nonpolar to inside and we distinguish between the class of lipoporteins by the apoprotein on the surface
What happens to the unesteridifed cholesterol in the lipoproteins
The polar portein embeds in the cell membrane.
Sizes of the lipoproteins and their sources and functions
- Chylomicron-made in the intestine (store TAGs and that’s what most of our fatty diet it)
- VLDL made in the liver( (take up liver synthesized TAGs and cholesterol and the liver makes all of the lipids—again more TAGs then choelsterol)
- LDL- breakdown of VLDL (this is the remants of VLDL which must be taken up by the liver)
- HDL-made in the liver and intestines ( very small ebcause it’s almost empty and picks up unwanted lipids especially cholesterol)
Steps of chylomicron metabolism
- Intestinal cells secrete TAG rich chylomicrons with Apo B 48
- When released frm the SI, the circulating HDL transfer two additional apoproteins (Apo C-II and Apo E) to the surface of chylomicrons. These are needed for regnition and for the release and recylcing by the liver.
- Apo C-II has to be on the surface and activates lipoproteins lipase which degardes the TAGs allowing the free fatty acids to go to the cells and glcyerol to go back to the liver.
- Once it’s released TAGS, it’s a chylomicron remnant and it has more choelsterol than TAGs which can cause a problem because it can be oxidized.
- The Apo E receptor (from the HDL) are needed for recycling back to the liver.
VLDL (and LDL) metabolism
LDL is a derivative of VLDL so metabolim is the same
- LIver secretes VLDL with Apo Protein B-100 rich in TAG
- When in circulating HDL gives it two apoproteisn Apo C-11 for regocnition and Apo E to release TAGs to any cell.
- When in circulation Apo C-II activates lipoprotein lipase which degrades the TAG in the VLDL releasing the lipid content to cell (sending glycerol to liver)
- the VLDL is now called IDL which released the APo E and Apo CII back to the HDL, making LDL with only Apo B-100 apoprotein
- Apo protein B- 100 only has one receptor - LDL receptor which can be problemmatic if there is a problem with this receptor or if it’s overhwlemed then LDL circulates for a long time and can get into the intima of blood cells.
HDL metabolism
1 Synthesized by the ilver and small intestines with Apoportein A-1 and C-II- and E( which it gives to VLDL and chylomicron)
- Apo-1 is imporant for picking up cholesterol from the cells. Apo-1 activate LCAT which esterifies cholesterol making it hydrophobic and packing it into the core of HDL. (if it was esterified the cholesterol would be in the membrane making the HDL very rigid)
- The full HDL is taken up by the liver. through Apo 1 it binds to its own receptor (so that receptor is unlikely to be backed up)
But since the choelsterol is so expensive to synthesize it can be exchnaged between the VLDL and the HDL through CETP.
