Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > GI Structure Blatter > Flashcards

GI Structure Blatter Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ultimate input of all energy

A

Food intake is all energy input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What requires energy output

A

Internal work- heat pdtion, temp reguluation

External work- skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain
Neutral Balance
Positive Energy Balance
Negative Energy Blanace

A
  1. Neutral- homeostasis where energy input= output
  2. Positive- Energy input> output so storage as adipose and weight gain
  3. Negative- Energy output> input so we use storage. 1st carbs, then fat, then proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does GI contribute to homeostasis and why (2)?

A

Transfer water, electrolytes and nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, cofactors) from external to internal to maintain constant internal environment and distribute energy to organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Overall Function of the GI system

A
  1. Digestion and absorption
  2. Excretion of waste
  3. Fluid electrolyte balance
  4. Immune function
  5. None immune defense- epithelial cell permeability, secretions, peristalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the immune system in the gut? Functions?

A

GALT- gut-associate lymphoid tissue- important for protection against microbial pathogens and permits immunologic tolerance to potentially immunologic dietary substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 basic digestive processes

A
  1. Motility- myscular contractions that move food
  2. Secretion- exocrine secrete digestive juices and endocrine- hormones that regulations GI tract
  3. Digestion- degrade to carbs, fat and proteins
  4. Absorption- Absorable units plus water, electrolytes, vitamins go from lumen to circulatory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference in endocrine and exocrine in GI

A

Exocrine- secrete digestive juices

Endocrine- secretes enzymes that regulate GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accessory digestive organs (4)

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Exocrine pancreas
  3. Biliary system- gallbladder and liver
  4. Endocrine gland and cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 common features throughout the GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa or adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the parts of the the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelial- protection, secretion and absorption
  2. Lamina propria- CT, lymphoid tissue and glands
  3. Muscularis mucosae- smooth muscle that increases SA
  4. Exocrine cells
  5. Endorcine/pacrine cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parts of the submucosa

A

CT, large blood vessels, submucosal glands, and lymphoid tissue

Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissners plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parts of the mescularis externa

A

contractions that move mix aboral

two layers- inner circular and outer longitudinal and between the layers is the Myenteric (auerbachs plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of the serosa

A

CT that covers the GI tract with squamous moesthelial cells. Secretion of serous liquid is lubrification and prevents friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the sphincter between each part of GI tract

A

Mouth/pharynx–> pharyngoesophageal sphincter– esophagus– gastroesophageal sphincter— stomach– pyloric– small intestine- ileocecal sphincter- large intestine- internal/external anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Origination of GI oscillations

A

The slow waves originate at the intestinal pacemakers (Cajal) and control the timing and force of contractions… activity is autonmous but can be modulated by neural and hormonal

17
Q

Explain the break down of neural regulation in the GI

A

Somactic- oral phase of swallowing and tonus of external anal spinchter

ANS-

18
Q

Function of intestinal smooth muscle cells

A
  1. Effector organ of GI motility

2. Intestinal pacemaker- responsible for contractile activity

19
Q

Explain function, location of synthezise and transport of hormones in the GI tract

A

Function- regulate contractility and secretions

Synthesized and released by endocrine glands

transport via blood stream to target sites

20
Q

Gastrin
Source
Primary Stimulation
Function

A
  1. G-cells of the stomach
  2. stimulated by protein in the stomach, stretch, and nerves
3. Stimulates HCL and cheif cells
Trophic to stomach and SI
Enhances gastric motility
Constricts the pyloric sphincter 
causes gallbladder contractions
Induces colonic mass movements
Enhances pancreatic secretion
21
Q

Secretin

  1. Source
  2. Primary stimulus
  3. Functions
A
  1. S Cells in the Duodenum and jejunum
  2. Stimulus is acid in the duodenum
  3. Function- stimulates aqueous NaHCO secretion by pancreatic ducts
    Stimulates NaHCO3 rich bile from the liver
    INhbits gastric acid secretion
    Trophic to exocrine pancreas
22
Q

CCK

  1. Source
  2. Stimulus
  3. Function
A
  1. I cells in the duodenum or jejunum
  2. Fat, proteins in the doudenum or nerves
  3. Function- Stimulates digestive enzymes secretion by pancreatic ancinar cells
    Stimulates pancreatic NaHCO3 secretion
    causes gall bladder secretions
23
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

A
  1. Source K cells in duodenum and jejunuum
  2. Fat, glucose, acid, hypertonicity and distension
  3. Function- inhibit gastric acid secretion
    Stimulates insulin secretion by endocrine pancreas
    Inhbitits gastric emptying
24
Q

About of immune cells in GI tract

A

About 1/2 of the body’s total mass of immune cells

25
Q

Which and from where are pancreatic hormones released

A

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

26
Q

What happens in catobolism?

A

Oxidative degradation of complex nutrient molecules (Carb,lipids, and proteins) into simple molecules like lactic acid, CO2, ammonia, and urea

Usually exergonic and releases energy in the form of NADH/FADH

27
Q

What happens in anabolic metabolism

A

Synthetic process where a complex biomolecule is made from simple precursors (sugar, nitrogenous bases, AA, Fatty acids).

Usually endergonic and new covalent bonds are formed

28
Q

Explain the basic steps of catobolism in the GI tract

A
  1. GI takes up and degrades macromolecules and absorbs building blocks (hydrolysis of complex molecules)
  2. Within the cells- the absorbed building blocks are further degraded (conversion of building block like AA, monosacc, glyercol to acetyl CoA)
  3. AcCOa processed in TCA + oxidative phosphorylation make CO2+H20 and ENERGY (oxidation of acetyl CoA)
29
Q

Where is a bulk of digestion and what absorbs it?

A

In the SI- food is degraded by digestive enzymes and absorbed by epithelial cells

When digested nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver and then through the blood

30
Q

Overall efficiency and enzymes for degradation of protein

A

Over only 5% of enzymes lost in feces

Proteins are degraded by endopeptidases (internal large cleavage) or by exopeptidases- 1 AA at a time of the end– exopeptidases can be carboxypeptidases or aminopeptidases

31
Q

3 phases of protein digestion

A

Gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal

32
Q

Discuss gastric phase of protein digstion

A

Stomach has gastric juices that HCl and members of the pepsin protease family.

Pepsin releases large peptide products and some AA which stimulates the release of CCK and initiates pancreatic phase of digestion

33
Q

Discuss pancreas phase of protein digestion

A

Pancreas has two histologically different areas

  1. Islet of langerhan the releases insulin and glucogon
  2. Exocrine pancreas is important for DIGESTION and it secretes 1.5L at pH 8 of pancreatic juices with hydolytic enzymes into the duodenum everyday
34
Q

Discuss the intestinal phase of protein degradation

A

Lining of the intestinal lumen have endo and aminopeptidases activities that further degrade peptides to AA which are absorbed

35
Q

How are monosacc, disaccs, and polysaccs absorbed

A

Monosacc- directly by the intestinal cells
diacc- digested into monosacc by the intestinal cells
Polysaccs (starch and glycogen) need to be reduced to smaller building blocks

36
Q

All parts involved in carb digestion

A

Mouth-starch and glycogen degraded by alpha-amaylase in salive makes glucose, disacc, and trisaccs

SI- alpha-amlyase makes glucose, disaccs, and trisaccs.
They are further degraded at the intestinal cells by alpha glucosidase; some disaccs have specific enzymes for degradation (lactase and sucrose)

Oligosacc. not yet degraded by amylse or intestinal cells reach the ileum where they are degraded by bacteria and produce fatty acids, lactate, H2 and methane and CO2

GI (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions